LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


\V 


GIFT  OF 


Ctes 


STUDIES 


IN    THE 


ANGLO-SAXON  VERSION  OF  THE  GOSPELS 


PART  I :  The  Form  of  the  Latin  Original,  and 
Mistaken  Renderings 


A  DISSERTATION 

PRESENTED   TO  THE   BOARD   OF   UNIVERSITY   STUDIES   OF 

THE  JOHNS   HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE 

DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF   PHILOSOPHY 

BY 

LANCELOT   MINOR   HARRIS 


BALTIMORE 

JOHN    MURPHY    COMPANY 
i  go  i 


PREFATORY  NOTE 


The  study  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  of  which  this  disserta- 
tion is  a  part,  was  undertaken  at  the  suggestion  of  Professor 
James  W.  Bright,  whose  encouragement  and  helpful  advice  I 
take  pleasure  in  acknowledging.  I  have  made  use  throughout 
of  the  collations  of  the  manuscripts  of  the  Gospels  which  were 
made  by  him  with  a  view  to  a  complete  critical  edition. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE 

BIBLIOGRAPHY, 5 

INTRODUCTION, * 7-11 

I.   VARIATIONS  BETWEEN  THE  CLEMENTINE  VULGATE  AND  THE 

ORIGINAL  OF  THE  ANGLO-SAXON  VERSION,        ....  12-34 

(a).  Peculiar  Readings  of  the  Clementine  Vulgate,      .        .  13 
(b).  Peculiar  Readings  of  the  Original  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 

Version, 16 

(c).  Character  and  Type  of  the  Translator's  Original,         .  30 

II.   MISTAKEN  RENDERINGS, 35-52 

(a).  Mistakes  of  the  Eye,     ...'...          .  35 

(6).  Misapprehensions  of  the  Meaning,           .        .        .         .  38 


•BIBLIOGRAPHY 


The  following  books  have  been  especially  consulted : 

Siblia  Sacra  Vulgatae  Editionis   Sixti  V.  Pont.  Max.  jussu  recognita  et  de- 
mentis VIII.  auctoritate  edita.     Tournay,  1885. 
BIANCHINI,  Jos.:  Evangelarium  Quadruple*.    Rome,  1749. 
BOSWORTH,  EEV.  JOSEPH,  and  WARING,  GEORGE  :  The  Gothic  and  Anglo-Saxon 

Gospels  in  Parallel  Columns,  with  the  Versions  of  Wycliffe  and  Tyndale ; 

Arranged  with  Prefaces  and  Notes.     London,  1874. 

BRIGHT,  JAMES  W.:  The  Gospel  of  Saint  Luke  in  Anglo-Saxon.    Oxford,  1893. 
COOK,  ALBERT  S.:  Biblical  Quotations  in  Old  English  Prose  Writers.     London 

and  New  York,  1898. 

DRAKE,  ALLISON  :  The  Authorship  of  the  West  Saxon  Gospels.    New  York,  1894. 
DUTRIPON,  F.  P.:  Concordantiae  Bibliorum  Sacrorum  Vulgatae  Editionis.    Paris, 

1838. 
HANDKE,   ROBERT  :    Ueber  das  Verhaltnis  der   westsachsischen    Evangelien- 

Uebersetzung  zum  lateinischen  Original.     Halle  dissertation.    Halle,  1896. 
HARRIS,  MATTIE  ANSTICE  :  A  Glossary  of  the  West  Saxon  Gospels,  Latin-West 

Saxon  and  West  Saxon-Latin.   Yale  Studies  in  English,  No.  vi.   Boston,  1899. 
HENSHAW,  ALONZO  N.:  The  Syntax  of  the  Indicative  and  Subjunctive  Moods 

in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels.    Leipzig  dissertation.    Leipzig,  1894. 
MARSHALL,  THOMAS:    Quatuor  D.  N.  Jesu  Christi  Euangeliorum  Versiones 

perantiquae  duae,  Gothica  scil.  et  Anglo-Saxon ica.    Amsterdam,  1684. 
New  Testament,  Translated  out  of  the  Greek.    Revised  1881.    New  York,  1891. 
RONSCH,  HERMANN:  Itala  und  Vulgata.     2te.  Ausgabe.    Marburg,  1875. 
SABATIER,  O.  S.  B.:  Bibliorum  Sacrorum  Latinae  Versiones  Antiquae  seu  Vetus 

Italica.    3  vols.    Rheims,  1743-49. 

SCRIVENER,  F.  H.  A.:  A  Plain  Introduction  to  the  Criticism  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment.   2  vols.    Fourth  edition.    London  and  New  York,  1894. 
SKEAT,  WALTER  W.:   The  Holy  Gospels  in  Anglo-Saxon,  Northumbrian,  and 

Mercian  Versions.    Cambridge,  1871-87. 
WESTCOTT,  B.  F. :   The  Vulgate.     Article  in  Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

Boston,  1892. 
WESTCOTT,  B.  F.,  and  HORT,  F.  J.  A.:  The  New  Testament  in  the  Original  Greek. 

Revised  American  Edition  with  an  Introduction  by  Philip  Schaff.     New 

York,  1891. 
WORDSWORTH,  J.,  and  WHITE,  H.  J.:  Nouum  Testamentum  Secundum  Editionem 

Sancti  Hieronymi.    Partis  prioris  Fasciculi,  i-iv.    Oxford,  1889-95. 
WHITE,  H.  J.:  Old  Latin  Biblical  Texts.    Vol.  in.    Oxford,  1888. 
WULFING,  J.  E.:  Die  Syntax  in  den  Werken  Alfreds  des  Grossen.    Erster  Theil. 

Bonn,  1894.     (Zweiter  Theil,  1901). 

5 


INTRODUCTION 


The  following  study  is  based  on  a  part  of  the  material  collected 
in  the  course  of  a  minute  comparison  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  version 
of  the  Gospels  with  the  corresponding  Latin  of  the  Clementine 
Vulgate.  The  ultimate  object  of  this  comparison  was  to  deter- 
mine and  to  exhibit  the  manner  in  which  the  Anglo-Saxon 
translation  was  made.  Before  the  way  is  clear,  however,  for  such 
a  general  study  of  the  manner  of  the  translation,  it  is  necessary 
to  dispose  of  a  large  number  of  passages  in  which  the  readings 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  text  are  to  be  accounted  for,  not  by  anything 
in  the  general  method  of  the  translator,  but  by  an  explanation  of 
the  special  conditions  that  pertain  to  the  passage  concerned.  The 
present  study  is,  in  the  main,  an  attempt  to  deal  in  a  systematic 
way  with  these  special  passages. 

The  first  part  has  to  do  with  those  passages  in  which  a  discre- 
pancy between  the  Anglo-Saxon  text  and  the  Latin  of  the  Vulgate 
must  or  may  be  explained  by  showing  how  the  Latin  of  the 
translator's  original  in  those  passages  must  or  may  have  differed 
from  the  Latin  of  the  Vulgate.  That  the  Clementine  Vulgate 
should  in  many  details  have  differed  from  the  Latin  text  used  by 
the  Anglo-Saxon  translator  is  a  matter  of  course.  The  translator 
used  one  of  the  manuscripts  of  the  Vulgate  text  written  in  the 
centuries  between  the  date  of  the  version  of  Jerome,  the  starting 
point  of  the  Vulgate  text,  and  the  date  of  the  translation,  which 
is  placed  approximately  at  the  year  1000.1  These  manuscripts 
themselves  exhibit  with  reference  to  each  other  a  very  great 
variation  in  detail,  readings  from  the  various  forms  of  the  Old 
Latin  version,  current  before  the  time  of  Jerome,  and  independent 
revisions  being  freely  introduced.2  The  Clementine  Vulgate  was 

1  Skeat,  Preface  to  Mark,  p.  vi ;  Bright,  p.  xii. 

2  Wordsworth  in  Scrivener,  vol.  n,  pp.  58  ff. 


8  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

issued  in  1592.  Its  text  embodies  many  changes  made  in  the 
later  manuscripts  and  the  earlier  printed  editions,1  and  is  therefore 
at  variance  in  many  points  with  any  one  manuscript  which  the 
Anglo-Saxon  translator  could  have  used,  and  in  some  points  with 
practically  all  the  earlier  manuscripts. 

It  may  be  questioned  whether  the  Clementine  Vulgate  should 
have  been  used  at  all  as  the  basis  for  the  comparison  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  text  with  the  Latin.  One  of  the  better  Hieronymian 
manuscripts,  such  as  the  Codex  Amiatinus?  would  in  strictness 
have  been  a  more  suitable  basis.  Better  still,  perhaps,  would  have 
been  the  use  of  Wordsworth  and  White's  conjectural  restoration 
of  the  text  of  Jerome.  But  it  has  seemed  best,  on  the  whole, 
to  use  that  Latin  text  which  has  the  advantage  of  being  most 
accessible  and  which  has  generally  been  used  in  comparing  Latin 
Scriptures  with  translations  made  from  them.  The  main  difficulty 
is  in  a  measure  obviated  by  the  preliminary  list  of  readings  in 
which  are  registered  the  variations  of  the  Clementine  version  from 
the  great  majority  of  the  Hieronymian  manuscripts,  including  the 
original  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  version.  Correct  the  Clementine 
version  according  to  this  list,  and  the  result  is  a  text  that  is 
considerably  nearer  to  the  more  normal  form  of  Hieronymian 
manuscripts.  The  way  is  then  clear  for  the  second  list  which 
contains  the  peculiar  readings  presumed  to  be  present  in  the 
original  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  version — that  is,  those  readings  in 
which  the  particular  text  used  by  the  translator  seems  to  have 
varied  from  the  more  normal  reading  of  Hieronymian  texts. 

The  section  on  the  character  and  type  of  the  Latin  original 
follows  naturally  upon  a  consideration  of  the  significance  of  this 
last  list  of  peculiar  readings  supposed  to  have  been  characteristic 
of  the  Latin  text  from  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  version  was  made. 
A  very  slight  examination  was  sufficient  to  prove  that  it  was 
done  from  no  one  of  the  manuscripts  of  which  the  readings  are 
recorded  by  Wordsworth  and  White,  or  which  are  elsewhere 
published.3  The  question  then  arose  as  to  how  far  the  peculiar 
readings  would  make  possible  the  determination  of  the  type  of 

1  Wordsworth  in  Scrivener,  vol.  n,  pp.  62-64. 
*  Wordsworth  and  White,  pp.  x-xi. 
3  Cp.  Handke,  p.  5. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  9 

the  original  manuscript.  This  is  a  question  which  can  be  com- 
petently answered  only  by  a  student  who  is  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  interrelations  of  the  Latin  texts  of  the  New  Testament, 
the  data  for  the  solution  being  here  furnished.  There  are,  however, 
certain  interesting  indications  which  force  themselves  upon  one 
who  considers  these  data  carefully,  and  these  are  presented  tenta- 
tively, in  the  hope  that  a  more  definite  solution  may  be  afforded 
by  a  student  who  is  versed  in  Vulgate  texts. 

The  second  part  of  the  present  study  consists  of  an  arrangement 
and  classification  of  those  special  passages  in  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Gospels  in  which  the  translator  has  mistaken  the  meaning  of 
the  Latin  before  him.  A  consideration  of  the  alterations  of  the 
meaning,  of  the  renderings  open  to  misapprehension,  and  of  the 
confused  renderings  would  complete  the  preliminary  to  a  general 
study  of  the  manner  of  the  translation. 

Many  of  the  points  noted,  both  in  the  lists  of  the  Latin 
variants  and  the  lists  of  mistaken  renderings,  are  in  themselves 
of  very  slight  significance.  It  seemed  necessary,  however,  to  make 
the  lists  as  complete  as  I  could,  since  sound  inferences  depend 
on  the  collective  significance  of  all  the  data. 

As  regards  previous  work  on  the  same  subject,  the  question 
of  the  character  and  type  of  the  translator's  original  has  not 
hitherto  been  treated  systematically.  Marshall  has  cited  from 
the  texts  accessible  to  him  many  Latin  variants  more  in  accord 
with  the  translation  than  are  the  Clementine  readings;  Handke 
(p.  13)  gives  sixteen  instances  from  Wordsworth  and  White  of 
additions  to  the  ordinary  text,  which  he  attributes  to  the  original ; 
and  Bright  has  given  in  his  notes  on  Luke  all  the  variants  that 
seemed  to  have  been  characteristic  of  the  translator's  Latin.  But 
the  only  conjectures  as  to  the  'type  of  the  original — those  by 
Marshall  (p.  495),  by  Skeat  (Matthew,  p.  x),  and  by  Bosworth 
(p.  xi) — are  based  on  a  very  few  passages  and  are  hence  of  little 
value. 

The  matter  of  mistaken  renderings  has  been  treated  more  at 
length.  Marshall  has  many  discerning  notes  on  points  of  this 
nature ;  Bright  has  called  attention  in  his  notes  to  most  of  those  in 
Luke ;  and  one  section  of  Handke's  dissertation  ("  Missverstand- 


10  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

nisse  und  Irrtumer,"  pp.  26-32)  deals  with  them  systematically. 
The  present  study  attempts  to  treat  this  class  of  renderings  more 
exhaustively  than  Handke  has  done,  to  group  more  thoroughly 
renderings  of  a  related  nature,  and  to  go  more  fully  into  ex* 
planation.  Further,  there  are  several  passages  in  which  his 
explanations  seem  to  be  erroneous.1 

The  five  manuscripts  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  scarcely  vary 
from  one  another  except  in  point  of  spelling  and  inflexional  endings. 
The  Corpus  manuscript,  however,  is  certainly  nearest  to  the 
original,  and  it  has  accordingly  been  used  almost  to  the  exclusion 
of  the  others.  The  following  list  comprises  all  the  alterations 
of  the  Corpus  text  that  it  has  seemed  necessary  to  make  for  the 
purposes  of  the  present  study.  It  consists  of  readings  adopted 
from  the  other  manuscripts  and  of  one  or  two  fairly  obvious  con- 
jectures. Mistakes  which  affect  the  meaning  and  are  not  here 
recorded  are  referred  to  the  original  translator  rather  than  to 
the  copyists. 

EMENDATIONS  OF  THE  CORPUS  TEXT 

M.  9,  11.  ys:  manducat:  yt.  Cp.  yt,  M.  24,  49;  elsewhere  ytt.  M.  10, 
19.  belcewak  syllaft :  tradent :  syllaft.  The  translator  evidently  wrote  first  belcewa\> 
and  then  altered  to  sylltift  (used  once  before  in  this  chapter  to  render  trado),  but 
failed  to  erase  the  first  word.  M.  16,  7.  namon:  non  accepimus :  ne  namon. 
M.  17,  20.  hyra  (heora  A) :  uestram :  eowre.  M.  19,  8.  Supply  SoiSlice 
nses  hit  on  frynrSe  swa  AB,  omitted  in  Corp.  by  homceoteleuton.  M. 
21, 16.  sacerda:  lactentium:  sucendra  as  in  Hush,  gloss.  M.  22, 11.  wees  .  .  . 
gescryd :  non  uestitum :  nses  with  A. 

Mk.  1, 19.  T  zebedei:  zebedei:  zelbedei  with  A.  Mk.  3,  8.  iudea:  idumea: 
idumea.  Mk.  11,  8.  boceras:  frondes  :  bog'as.  Mk.  13,  4.  gewurdon: 
fient:  geweorSen  (geweorfton  A).  Mk.  15,  1.  eallum  werodum:  universo 
concilio :  werede  ABO. 

L.  1,  36.  \>e  monaft :  hie  mensis :  J>es  A.  L.  1,  80.  dceg  his  celiwednessum :  diem 
ostensionis :  setiwednesse.  L.  2,  24.  after  \>am  \>e  drihlnes  CB  gecweden  is :  in 
lege  domini :  on  drihtnes  se.  L.  3,  3.  -j  synna  forgifnesse :  in  remissionem 
peccatorum :  on  synna  forgifnesse.  *j  from  ond  for  on.  L.  3,  4.  clypiende 
stefen :  uox  clamantis :  clypiendes  Stefn  ABC.  L.  4,  22.  eode :  procede- 
bant :  eodon  A.  L.  5, 13.  his  handa  abenede :  extendens  manum :  abeniende 
(cfoenigende  A).  L.  6,  24.  witegum :  diuitibus  :  weligum.  L.  6,  35.  Supply 
my  eel  ABC.  L.  7,  8.  Omit  ne  with  ABC.  L.  7,  39.  \>e  man:  hie:  J>es 

1  Until  I  had  finished  a  minute  comparison  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  with  the  Latin, 
I  purposely  avoided  consulting  Marshall;  and  Handke's  dissertation  did  not 
reach  me  until  the  work  was  practically  in  its  present  shape. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  11 

mail  A.  L.  8,  47.  hit :  eum :  bine.  L.  9,  3.  Omit  ne  ge  with  ABC. 
L.  9,  55.  hine  bewende:  conversus  :  hi  lie  bewend  BC.  L.  10,  13.  menegu: 
uirtutes:  mgegenu  (mcenegu  A).  L.  11,  13.  he  .  .  .  synt:  uos  .  .  .  sitis:  ge 
.  .  .  Synt  A.  L.  12,  36.  beo  gelice:  uos  similes:  beo  ge  gelice  with  A. 
L.  15,  17. 19.  yrftlinga:  mercenarii :  hyrlinga  A.  Mercenarily  occurs  in  three 
other  passages  in  the  Gospels:  Mk.  1,  20,  rendered  hyrling ;  J.  10,  12.  13,  hyra. 
L.  19,  16.  \>ispund:  mna  tua:  J>in  pund  (Jn/n  A).  L.  20,  23.  Hwi  fandige 
min:  hwi  fandie  ge  min  with  A.  L.  21,  12.  i  sy'ft&an:  tradentes : 
1  sylla$.  L.  21,  36.  -3  bida$ :  orantes:  T  biddaft  with  A. 

J.  3,  18.  acennendan :  unigeniti :  ancennedan.  J.  6,  64.  \>a  gelyfedan 
wceron :  qui  essent  credentes :  gelyfendan  with  ABC.  J.  7,  17.  gecwemft : 
cognoscet :  gecnaewS  ABC.  J.  7,  42.  cy% :  dicit :  cwyS  ABC.  J.  10,  20. 
he  cwce^:  insanit:  he  wet  ABC.  J.  11,  1.  of  marian  ceasire  ~j  of  martham: 
de  castello  Mariae  et  Marthae :  marthan  A.  J.  11, 11.  wylle  .  .  .  awreccan: 
exsuscitem:  aweccan.  J.  11,  31.  ut  eodon:  exiit:  ut  code  ABC.  J. 
12,  1.  awrehte:  suscitauit :  awehte.  J.  12,  7.  of  \xrne  dceg :  in  diem:  0*3 
>one  daeg  A.  J.  13, 17.  witod  :  scitis  :  witon  with  A.  J.  15,  20.  ahton  : 
persecuti  sunt:  ehton  ABC.  J.  17,  8.  com:  exiui:  com.  J.  17, 11.  com: 
sum :  com.  J.  17,  23.  Supply  nig  swa  t>u  me  lufodest  ABC,  omitted 
in  Corp.  by  homceoteleuton.  J.  20,  27.  Insert  ac  geleaful  AC.  J.  20,  28. 
Insert  eart  AC.  J.  21,  22.  23.  cwaft :  quid :  hwset  AC  and  originally  Corp.: 
is  a  correction.  J.  21,  24.  gewrit:  testimonium:  gewitnys  CHE. 


I.  VARIATIONS  BETWEEN  THE  CLEMENTINE 

VULGATE  AND  THE  ORIGINAL  OF  THE 

ANGLO-SAXON  VERSION 


The  material ,  for  the  nearer  determination  of  the  form  of  the 
Latin  text  from  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  version  was  made  was 
first  furnished,  in  any  adequate  degree,  by  the  publication  of 
Wordsworth  and  White's  edition  of  the  Latin  New  Testament, 
completed  for  the  Gospels  in  1894.  The  object  of  this  work 
is  to  restore  the  text  of  Jerome's  revision  of  the  Old  Latin 
versions  of  the  New  Testament,  and  in  the  notes  are  given  all 
the  various  readings  of  about  twenty-six1  manuscripts  ranging 
from  the  sixth  to  the  tenth  century  and  conforming  in  the  main 
to  Jerome's  revision  rather  than  to  the  Old  Latin  versions.  In 
many  passages2  the  readings  of  the  Old  Latin  versions  are  also" 
cited.  These  manuscripts  present  a  very  great  variety  of  readings, 
and  the  passages  in  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  version  is  at  variance 
with  the  Clementine  Vulgate  can  be  usually  accounted  for  by  one 
or  another  of  them.  The  lists  which  follow  are  the  result  of  a 
minute  comparison  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  text  with  the  Latin  of 
the  Clementine  version  and,  in  all  cases  where  variation  seemed 
possible,  with  the  variants  in  Wordsworth's  edition. 

The  readings  are  arranged  in  two  divisions  :  (1)  those  of  which 
there  can  be  little  question  as  to  their  identity  with  those  of  the 
original  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  version ;  and  (2)  those  of  which  the 
assumption  that  they  are  identical  seems  to  explain  the  translator's 
divergence  from  the  Clementine  readings  better  than  the  assump- 
tion that  the  divergence  is  due  to  the  translator.  The  acceptance 
of  any  given  reading  and  its  classification  depend,  of  course,  on 
two  things — the  degree  to  which  the  assumption  of  such  a  reading 

'Matthew,  24;  Mark,  25;  Luke,  27;  John,  28.  There  are  a  good  many 
lacunae  in  several  of  the  manuscripts. 

2 Sparingly,  in  Matthew  and  Mark;  more  fully,  in  Luke  and  John. 

12 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  13 

is  necessary  for  the  explanation  of  the  divergence  on  the  part 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  on  the  number  of  manuscripts  in  which 
the  reading  occurs.  A  reading  is  to  be  preferred  that  explains  a 
divergence  which  it  is  hard  to  explain  otherwise,  even  though 
very  few  manuscripts  attest  that  reading ;  and  a  reading  is  to 
be  preferred  that  is  attested  by  the  great  majority  of  manuscripts, 
even  though  it  be  possible  to  explain  the  divergence  otherwise. 
As  to  deciding  in  an  individual  case  whether  or  no  the  translator's 
divergence  can  be  explained  otherwise  than  by  the  variant  Latin 
at  hand,  that  depends  on  a  number  of  things  impossible  to  formu- 
late. In  many  of  the  cases  below  the  citations  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
with  the  two  forms  of  the  Latin  are  themselves  sufficient  to  show 
why  the  non-Clementine  reading  was  adopted.  In  other  cases 
regard  must  be  had  to  the  manner  of  the  translation  in  general. 
For  example,  the  supplying  of  an  object,  the  insertion  of  Jns, 
and  the  like  are  common  throughout,  and  a  variant  Latin  that 
corresponds  is  by  no  means  to  be  assumed  as  present  in  the 
original.  Again,  some  parts  of  the  translation  are  very  free, 
while  other  parts  are  very  literal,  and  it  is  obvious  that  in  a 
literal  context  a  divergence  from  the  Clementine  is  more  likely 
to  be  due  to  a  divergence  in  the  translator's  original  than  is 
the  case  when  the  context  shows  a  freedom  of  rendering.  In 
the  light  of  an  exposition  of  the  manner  of  the  translation,  which 
I  hope  to  make  in  another  paper,  my  reasons  for  a  decision 
in  any  given  case  would  be  more  apparent.  Meanwhile  I  can 
only  say  that  I  have  deliberated  carefully  in  each  instance. 

(a)  PECULIAR  READINGS  OF  THE  CLEMENTINE  VULGATE 

Under  this  head  are  listed  the  readings  which  conform  to  the 
Anglo-Saxon,  but  vary  from  the  Clementine  and,  in  most  cases, 
also  from  a  few  of  the  MSS.  and  the  older  editions ;  in  other  words, 
an  approximate  reduction  of  the  Clementine  to  the  normal  text,  so 
far  as  concerns  the  passages  in  which  it  shows  a  variation  from 
the  Anglo-Saxon.  To  each  is  added  the  number  of  Wordsworth 
and  White's  MSS.  (if  any)  agreeing  with  the  Clementine  reading, 
the  number  of  Hieronymian  MSS.  being  on  the  left,  of  Old  Latin, 
on  the  right  of  the  line. 


14  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 


1.   Non- Clementine  Headings  Assumed  to  be  in  Accord 
with  the  Translator's  Original 

MATTHEW 

1,  17.      ergo  for   itaque.  3,  6.     in  iordane  ab   eo  3  /» 

3,  7.    futura  for  ventura  1  /.  8,  25.     om.  ad  ewm  discipuli 

ejus  4/.  8,  26.    om.  Jesus  6/4.  8,  31.    om.  hinc  1  /. 

10,  14.     de  ciuitate  2  /.  13,  4.    om.  coeft  2/3.  14,  22. 

iussit  for  compulit.  17,  3.      apparuit  for  apparuerunt  4  /. 

17,  20.     om.  i7Jwc  2/9.  19,  1 1 .    om.  illis  1  /.  19,  20. 

om.  ajuventute  mea  6/8.  20,  1.    simile  enim  8/5.  23, 

14.  Verse  omitted  6/8.          24, 1 2.  abundabit  for  abundavit  4  /. 
24,  38.    nuptum  for  rmpfoti  2  /.  27,  40.    destruit  .  .  .  reaedi- 

ficat  for  destruis  .  .  .  reaedificas  3  /  1 . 

MARK 

1,  2.      om.  ego  1  /.  1,  9.      in  iordane  ab  iohanne  1  /. 

1,  10.     apertos  coelos.  1,  27.     et  for  etiam  1  /.  2,  23. 
om.  dominus.             4,  4.    om.  coeli  /  6.           4,  29.    se  produxerit 
for produxerit  /I.             5,  2.     occurrit  ei  4  /.             5,  7.     summi 
for  altissimi  1  /.             5,  33.     awfem  for  vero.             6,  7.     conuo- 
cauit  for  vocavit.             7,  3.     lauent  for  laverint  1/8.  7, 19. 
introit  for  m£ra£  1  /.     om.  vacfo'/  6  /.              9,  3.     om.  e£  before 
Candida  4  /.             11,  5.      iV&c  for  i#is.             14,  2.      enm  for 
autem.              14,  25.      om.  Aoc  1  /.              14,  29.      om.  in  te. 
14,  45.      om.  Ave  1  /.             14,  54.      sedebat  et  calefaciebat  se 
ad  ignem.             14,  62.     om.  Dei  1  /.             15,  29.     destruit  .  .  . 
reaedificat  for  destruis  .  .  .  reaedificas  4/.     om.  Dei  1  /.  15, 
32.     conuiciabantur  for  convitiabanlur  2  /. 

LUKE 

1,  66.    gitzd  for  quis  1  /.  2,  4.    om.  m  before  civitatem  /  9. 

2,  38.     hierusalem  for  Jsrae/  1/2.  4,  5.     om.  in  montem 
excelsum  4/7.              4,  18.      om.  sanare  contritos  corde  4/2., 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  15 

4,  38.     om.  Jesus  8  /.  5,  25.  om.  lectum  1/2.  6,  26. 

bene  uobis  dixerint   for   benedixerint  vobis  5/5.     prophetis   for 
pseudoprophetis  4  /  all  but  2.  6,  42.    e£  for  aw£.  7,  31. 

om.  Ait   autem   Dominus.  8,  1.  ciuitatem   et   castellum  for 

civitates  et  castella  7/7.  9,  29.     om.  et  before    refulgens. 

9,  47.     adprehendens  puerum  statuit  /I.  9,  58.     et  ait  for 

Dixit  /I.  10,  17.     sunt  autem.  11,  25.    om.  et  ornatam 

3/9.  11,  26.    om.  secum  1/2.  11,  29.     om.  prophetae 

2/5.  12,  31.     om.  et  justitiam  ejus.  12,  35.    om.  in 

manibus  vestris  2 /.  14,   1.     om.  Jesus  1/2.  14,   8. 

euertit  for  everrit.  16,  19.     e£  induebatur  /  5.  17,  3. 

om.  m  fe  4/6.  19,  23.     e£  e#o  /I.  19,  26.    om.  et 

abundabit  4 /.  20,  3.     om.  Jesus  3/4.  20,  20.     et 

trader ent  1/3.  21,  9.     non  for  nondum  1/2.  22,  2 

eum  for  Jesum  1  /.  22,  37.    d  quod  cum  for  ^  cwm  8/2. 

JOHN 

1,  3.  4.    sine  ipso  factum  est  nihil ;  quod  factum  in  ipso  uita  eft*at 
I/.  3,2.     eum  for  Jesum  3/3.  3,  18.     credidit  for 

2nd  credit  8/3.  3,  33.    accipit  for  accept  5/2.  4,  41. 

om.  in  eum  /I.  5,  28.     eius  for  Filii  Dei  1  /.  5,  31. 

me  for  meipso  1  /  3.  6,14.     om.  Jesws.  6,23.     agentes 

for  agente  2/1.  6,41.     om.  twws  I/.  6,  64.     om. 

non  before  credentes  2/5.  7,  33.     om.  m  before  Jesus  3  /. 

7,  52.      om.  Scriptural    13/7.  8,  9.     om.    Jesus   8/3. 

8,  45.     quia  for  si  8,  46.     om.  2nd  vobis  /I.  8,  54. 
noster  for  uesfer  3  /  nearly  all.             8,  56.     et  uidit  1/2.  9, 
11.   uidi  for  video  3/4.            9,  22.    om.  esse  before  Christum  /  2. 
9,25.    om.  m.             9,39.    dixiteisl/4.             10,8.    sednon. 
11,  27.     om.  vivi  4/1.             11,  37.     om.  nati  2/1.     ^  rf  hie. 
6/3.             11,  45.     om.  rf  Martham.     om.  «7e*ws  1/4.             11, 
50.     nobis  for  vo6i's  2/5.              13,  18.     mecum  for  raeww  1/1. 

14,  10.     credis  for  creditis  5/2.  14,  13.     om.  Pair  em  1  /. 

15,  6.      eos  .  .  .  et  ardent  7/4.  16,  3.      om.  vobis  4/5. 
16,11.    om.jaml/2.             18,26.    om.  eil/1.  18,28. 
ad  caipham.             19,  6.    om.  ewm  after  crucijige  3/5.  20, 
17.     etdeum3/4.             20,22.     hoc  cum  3  /  5.             20,29. 

2 


16  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

om.  Thoma.  21, 1.    om.  discipulis  2/8.  21,  4.     mane 

. .  .  iam  facto  /  3.  21,  7.     tunicam  for  tunica  5/2. 


2.   Non-  Clementine  Readings  Probably  in  Accord  with 
the  Translator's  Original 

MATTHEW 

11,  30.     leue  est  7  /  1.  13,  35.     dictum  est  15  /.  16, 

15.     om.  Jesus  10/7.  16,  19.     om.  et  after  solutum  6/. 

17,  20.     om.  Jesus  10  /. 

MARK 

6,  2.    in  cognatione  .  .  .  et  in  domo  2  /.  6,  15.    om.  2nd 

quia  7  /.  6,  24.     e£  for  at  7/4.  6,  52.    intellexerunt 

for  intellexerant  10  /  5.  14,  27.     om.  me  in  5  /  1. 

LUKE 

13,35.     om.  deserta  11/5.  17,  6.     obediret  for  obediet 

2/3.  19,  37.     discendentium  for  discipulorum  1/4.     But 

probably  omitted  :  see  p.  29. 

JOHN 

3,   23.      adueniebant  11/6.  8,  9.      om.   ./mis    6/3. 

8,  20.     om.  Jesus  12/2.  15,  6.     aruit  for  aresc^  11/5. 


(b)  PECULIAR  READINGS  OF  THE  ORIGINAL  OF 
THE  ANGLO-SAXON  VERSION 

In  this  list  of  readings  are  given  :  (1)  the  reading  of  the 
Clementine  Vulgate  (except  in  the  passages  enclosed  in  square 
brackets,  in  which  cases  the  Clementine  reading  coincides  with 
the  peculiar  reading  preferred) ;  (2)  the  Anglo-Saxon ;  (3)  the 
reading  assumed  as,  or  believed  to  be,  that  of  the  Latin  original. 
The  context  is  given  as  fully  as  seems  necessary  to  make  as  plain 
as  may  be  the  reason  for  preferring  the  special  reading.  In  some 
cases  explanations  are  added. 


Studies  in  tJi^Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  17 


The  letters  used  for  the  designation  of  manuscripts  are  those 
used  by  Wordsworth  and  White.  Capital  letters  (and  S  and.  aur. 
gat.  gig.  corp.  oxon.)  designate  Vulgate  manuscripts  ;  small  italics, 
Old  Latin1  manuscripts.  The  latter  are  given  by  Wordsworth 
and  White  only  in  passages  of  special  importance  in  Matthew  and 
Mark  ;  more  frequently  in  Luke  and  John.  But  in  no  case  can 
the  absence  of  citation  of  Old  Latin  manuscripts  here  be  taken  to 
mean  that  they  do  not  (or  do)  confirm  the  reading  given.2  They 
are  usually  cited  only  to  show  the  extent  of  the  reading  in  certain 
cases.  In  one  or  two  instances  only  a  reading  is  assumed  which 
is  attested  solely  by  Old  Latin  manuscripts.  The  following  are 
the  abbreviations  for  the  printed  editions  :  9  —  Stephen,  Paris,  1528  ; 
3^  —  Hentenius,  Louvain,  1547;  S  —  Sixtine,  Rome,  1590;  (ft  — 
Clementine,  Rome,  1592  ;  vg  —  the  agreement  of  these  four  editions. 


1.    Readings  Assumed  to  be  in  Accord  with  the 
Translator's  Original 

MATTHEW 

4,  10.  vade  gang  J>u  •  •  onbcec  uade  . .  retro 

r>  E  E-P  L  Q  R  xe  z* 

4,  16.  populus  Beoda  folc  .  gentium  populus. 

gentium  from  v.  15  (which  Anglo-Saxon  omits)  is  joined  with 
populus  in  ®  L2  H. 

[in  regione  et  umbra  mortis  on  earde  deafes  sceade 

in  regione  umbrae  mortis  B  H  ©  v  vg.~\ 

6,  11.         panem  . .  supersubstantialem  gedaBghwamlican 
hlaf            panem  ..  cotidianum     c  D  E  E-Pmg  T  w  F. 

[6,  13.  Omitted  sd^lice  amen  O.  Lat.  (except 
-abc/igthK)  vg.] 

7,  4.         Sine             bro]>ur  J;afa  frater  sine     E-PR8"W. 
[8,  9.         ego  homo  sum  sub  potestate  ic  eoru  man  under 

1  For  a  list  of  Vulgate  manuscripts,  with  indications  of  age,  locality,  and  char- 
acter, see  Wordsworth  in  Scrivener,  vol.  u,  pp.  67  ff.;  of  Old  Latin  manuscripts, 
vol.  rr,  pp.  45  ff. 

*  Except  that  in  Mark  every  confirmatory  passage  in  a  b  c  d  ffifft  g  q  mm  is 
indicated  by  the  citation  of  these  manuscripts. 


18  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

anwealde  gesett  ego  homo  sum  sub  potestate  constitutus 

D E © Q B T (L)  vg.  abc gi h k q  aur.  gig.  corp.  oxon.~\ 

9,  15.        jejunabunt  on   %am   dagum   hig    fsestaft 
ieiunabunt  in  illis  diebus    DELQ. 

10,  23.         fugite  in  aliam  fleoj?  on  o]?re.     3  ftonne  hi  on 
}>cere  eow  ekta\  fleo\  on  }>a  \ryddan  fugite  in  aliam.     et 
cum  in  alia  persequentur  uos  fugite  in  tertiam  E,  and  similarly 
Qabff^^hkq  gat. 

12,  35.         Bonus  homo  God  mann  so]>lice  bonus 
enim  homo    D  L  B. 

13,  36.         parabolam  zizaniorum  -p  bigspell  ]>ces  hwcetes 
.y  ]?8es  cocceles              parobolam  tritici  et   zizaniorum     DE-PmgQ 
B  T  w  gat.  corp.  oxon. 

.     14,  2,         Joannes  Baptista  Johannes  se  fulluhtere  j?e  io 

beheafdode  iohannes  baptista  quern  ego  decollaui     D  E  E-Pmfir 

Q  T  B  corp.  oxon.  a  b  dffi  gz  h  gat. 

14,  3.         propter  . .  uxorem  fratris  sui  for  ];am  wife  . . 
philippes  hys  broker              propter  . .  uxorem  philippi  fratris  sui 
(or  fr.  sui  ph.)      D  E  E-pmg  ©  Hc  Q  B  bfffz  ffffzhqS  our.  gat.  gig. 
corp.  oxon. 

16,    2.         Serenum   erit  to  morgen   hyt  by]?  smylte 

serenum  erit  eras  (in  eras  Q)     E  L  B  corp.  oxon.  gat. 

16,  8.         Sciens  autem  Jesus  J?a  se  haelend  wiste  hyra 

ge]>ancas  sciens  autem  iesus  cogitationes  eorum     LQB  corp* 

oxon.  g2. 

16,  9.  10.  neque  recordamini  quinque  panum  in  quinque 
millia  hominum.  . .  Neque  septem  panum  in  quattuor  millia 
hominum  ne  ge  ne  gej^enceaft  ]?a3ra  fif  hlafa  ^  fif  J^usend 

manna. . .  Ne  J>sera  seofon  hlafa  3  feower  ]?usend  manna  quin- 

que panum  et  (L  Q  w  z°  &^2  <?)  quinque  milia  hominum.  .  .  neque 
septem  panum  et  (E-P  LOQTWXZ4  a  bffz  g±  q)  quattuor  milia 
hominum.  (quinque  . .  quattuor,  omitting  iny  most  MSS.) 

18,  10.         ex  his  pusillis  of  )?ysum  lytlingum  ]>e  gelyfaQ 

on  me  his  pusillis  qui  credunt  in  me  (in  me  cr.  E)     LQB* 

corp.  oxon.;  similarly,  bcdff^g^. 

18,  21.  Dixit :  Domine,  quoties  peccabit  in  me  frater  meusr 
et  dimittam  ei?  usque  septies?  3  cwaeft  drihten  gyf  min 

brofor  synga]>  wiiS   me  mot  ic   him  forgyfan  oft  seofon   styas? 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  19 

dixit  quod  (quoniam  Q)  si  peccauerit  in  me  frater  meus  quoties 
dimittam  ei.  usque  septies     QR<72/  similarly,  many  O.  Lat.  MSS. 
18,  26.        Patientiam  babe  in  me  Hlaford  gehafa  gejjyld 

on  me  patientiam  habe  in  me  domine     E  L  Q  R  T°  h  (c?.  h.  p. 

in  me     E-P^J/,^). 

20,  28.       Omitted  Ge  wilniaft  to  gej?eonne  on  gehwaedum 
]?inge  *j  beon  gewanod  on  ]?am  maestan  ]>inge ;  Witodlice  j?onne  ge 
to  gereorde  gelaj?ode  beoiS,  ne  sitte  ge  on  ]?am  fyrmestan  setlum 
]>e  laes  J>e  arwurSre  wer  setter  j?e  cume  3  se  husbonda  hate  ]>e  arisan 
^  ryman  \am  oftron  y  jm  beo  gescynd.    gyf  ]?u  sitst  on  gereorde  on 
)?am  ytemestan  setle  3  sefter  J>e  cym);  o]?er  gebeor  y  se  la];igenda 
cwej^e  to  ]>e  site  innor  leof  by);  fte  awurSlicor  \>onne  ]>e  man  uttor 
$cufe            uos  autem  quaeritis  de  modico  crescere  et  de  maxim o 
minui.  cum  autem  -introieritis  ad  caenam  uocati  nolite  recumbere  in* 
superioribus  locis  ne  forte  dignior  te  superueniat  et  accedens  is  qui 
te  inuitauit  dicat  tibi  adhuc  inferius  accede  et  confundaris.  si  autem" 
recubueris  in  inferiori  loco  et  aduenerit  humilior  te  dicet  tibi  qui  te 
inuitauit  accede  adhuc  superius  et  (om.  o*)  erit  tibi  hoc  utilius  Hmg 
©  o  Brit.  Mus.  Reg.  I  B  vii ;  similarly,  abcdeff^g^hmnr  and. 
emn.  Brit.  Mus.  I  A  xviii  (variations  considerable). 

The  Latin  is  given  as  in  Wordsworth  and  White.     The  words 
in  Italics  indicate  probable  variations  in  the  translator's  text. 

21,  17.          abiit  ..in  Bethaniam :  ibique  mansit  ferde 
.~.  to  bethania  3  Icerde  hi  \ar  be  godes  rice               abiit  . .  in 
bethaniam  et  docebat  eos  de  regno  del    B. 

•  21,  31.         Dicunt  ei :  Primus  J?a  cwaedon  hig  se  ceftera 

dicunt  ei,  nouissimus     ABC E-P FH*JLORTXYZ*     Brit.  Mus. 
Reg.  I  A  xiii  etc.  corp.  oxon.     Most  O.  Lat.  MSS. 

22,  45.        Si  ergo  David  vocat  eum  Dominum  gyf  dauid 
hyne  on  ga&te  dryhten  clypaft             si  ergo  dauid  in  spiritu  uocat 
eum  dominum     D  E  E-pmg  F  Q  w. 

24,  41.          Omitted  Twegen  beo)?  on    bedde.  an  by$ 

genumen  3  oj?er  by$  Isefed  duo  in  lecto.  unus  adsumetur  et 

unus  (alter  x)  relinquetur  BEH10ORTXZa6crf efj}\, 2 h q gat. 

27,  32.       hominem  mann  cumende  heom  togenes          homi- 
nem  uenientem  obuiam  sibi  B  E-pmg  I L  o1- '"  R  x*-2  Y*  z  E  Q  a  b  c  fa 
hgz. 

28,  3.        sicut  nix  swa  hwite  swa  snaw  Candida 
(-um  Q  S)  sicut  nix     D  E  E-Pmg  L  B  Q  a  bjfa  hqr  gat.  B. 


20  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 


MARK 


[1,  2.          praeparabit  viam  tuam  gegearwaft  jnnne  weg 

beforan  %e  praeparabit  uiam  tuam  ante  te 


1,  34.          quoniam  sciebat  eum  for]>am  hi  wiston  ty  he 
crist  wees         quoniam  sciebat  eum  christum  esse  (chr.   eum   ease 
G  I)  0  M-T  Ymg. 

2,  22.         sed  vinum  novum  in  utres  novos  mitti  debet  Ac 
niwe  win  sceal  beon  gedon  on  niwe  bytta.  ]>onne  beo%  butu  gehealden 
sed  uinum  nouum  in  utres  nouos  mitti  debet  et  utraque  (ambo 
G  H°  ®  ef)  (con-  D)  seruantur     E  E-pmg  M-T  Q  R  rzgat. 

7,  13.         per  traditionem  vestram  for  eower  stuntan  lage 

per  ttraditionem  uestram  stultam     Xzabcdiqr. 

10,  20.          At  ille  respondens  ait  (illi)  :   Magister  Da 
^swarode  he  goda  lareow            at  ille  respondens  ait  magister  bone 
KM-TOZ(V). 

[10,  33.         soribis  bocerum  3  ealdrum  scribis  et 

senioribus    c  ®  i  K  L  M-T  o  Q  T  v  w  z  c  I  aur.  vg.~\ 

11,  15.         veniunt  comon  hi  eft  ueniunt  iterum, 
B  M-T  o  a  bffz'. 

12,  14.         qui  venientes  dicunt  ei  Da  comon  hi  y  )?us 
mid  facne  cwadon             qui  uenientes  dicunt  ei  subdole     bqff2e. 

12,  29.         Dominus  deus  tuus          urne  drihten  god          domi- 
nus  deus  nosier    AC  E-P  H  M-T  OQRXYza^  dffz  JolqB. 

13,  1  .        quales  structurae  hwylce  getimbrunga  ]>isses  tem- 
ples           quales  structurae  (structum  L)  templi    B  ©  M-T  o  Q  T  x*  z 
bd/2lr(ckq). 

13,  2.          vides  ne  geseo  ge  nonne  uide^is  bcjfz 
(uidetis  FX*  aeg2kq;  nonne  uides     BM-TOZ). 

14,  14.         Ubi  est  refectio  mea  hwar  is  min  gysthus  y 
min  gereord             ubi  est  diuersorium  meum  et  refectio  mea     B  H 
©  M-T  o  (z). 

LUKE 

6,  10.          Et  circumspectis   omnibus  And  him  eallum 

gesceawodum  mid  yrre  et  circumspectis  omnibus  illis  (il.  omn. 

b  q  r)  in  ira     z  ffz  I  aur.  (a  c  d). 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  21 

6,  17.  (ab)  Jerusalem  fram  Jerusalem  ^  ofer  mvfyan 

(ab)  hierusalem  et  trans  /return  G  Q  a  b  cff2  Iqr. 

9,  4.  ibi  manete,  et  inde  ne  exeatis  wuniaft  Jmr  0$  ge 

utgan  ibi  manete  donee  exeatis  E/(e£  inde  exeatis  R  and 

O.  Lat.  MSS.  except  c  S  aur.). 

9,  55.  56.         increpavit  illos,  dicens:  Nesdtis  cujus  spiritus  estis. 
Filius  hominis  non  venit  animas  perdere,  sed  salvare  he  hig 
j?reade             increpauit  illos     D  E-P  F  G  Q  Y  IS  gat. 

10,  11.         pulverem  qui  adhaesit  nobis  ty  dust  . .  on  urum 
fotum  clifode            puluerem  qui  adhaesit  nobis  in pedibus    DEQ 
(d)bcde  (/)  ilqr. 

11,  2.         Pater,  sanctificetur  nomen  tuum  Ure  feeder  ]>u 
%e  on  heofene  eart.      si  J>in  nama  gehalgod  pater  noster 
(sancte  D  a  cjfi)    qui  es  in  caelis  sanctificetur  nomen  tuum     P  R  z* 
Dunhelm  A  ii  16  Brit.  Mus.  Harl.  1802  bcdflq(r)S. 

Omitted  gewurSe  -Sin  willa  on  heofene  3  on 

eorj?an  fiat  uoluntas  tua  in  caelo  et  in  terra  b  G  I.  This  form, 

instead  of  fiat  uoluntas  tua  sicut  in  caelo  et  in  terra  B  B-F  D  E-P* 
O  P  Q  R T  x*  c  dfffz iqrS  aur.,  seems  to  make  it  certain  that  the 
additions  here  were  present  in  the  translator's  original,  and  not 
transferred  by  him  from  M  6,  9-13. 

11,  4.  Omitted  ac  alys  us  fram  yfele  sed  libera 

(eripe  B  i  (/))  nos  a  malo  D  O  Q  R  b  c  dffz  Iqr  8  aur. 

11,  25.  invenit  earn  he  hit  gemet  amtig  inuenit 

earn  uacantem fir 8. 

11,  48.          testificamini  quod  consentitis  ge  cySaft  ~]  ge 
l?afia$             testificamini  et  (om.  E  gat)  consentitis     CT  (consenti- 
entesf). 

12,  55.         dicitis,  Quia  aestus  erit  ge  secgaft  •)?  is  towerd 
dicitis  quia  uenius  erit    A  B  c  T  Y            For  explanation  of  towerdt 
see  p.  38. 

[16,  21.  sed  et  canes  veniebant  3  him  nan  man  ne 

sealde.  ac  hundas  comon  at  nemo  illi  dabat  sed  et  canes 
ueniebant  K  T  w  9  £>  (ft  I  m.~] 

17,  26.  ita  erit  et  in  diebus  Filii  hominis  swa  beo~S 
mannes  suna  tocyme  ita  erit  et  aduenlus  filii  hominis  E  R  gat. 

20,  14.  Occidamus  ilium  cuma]>  uton  hine  ofslean 
uenite  occidamus  ilium  CTdeS. 


22  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

21,  21.         et  . .  discedant  y  nyfter  ne  astigaft  et  . . 
non  descendant     RT(et  ..  non  discedant     E-Pmgd/  et  discendant 
B-F  D  J  Q  r).     Cp.  p.  37. 

22,  52.  Existis  Ge   ferdon  . .  ^  ge  me  gefengon 
existis  ..  conprehendere  me     ErecQjf2c. 

,    22,  61.         prius  quam  gallus  cantet,  ter  J?riwa  to-dceg 

ar  se  hana  crawe  prius  quam  gallus  cantet   ter  . .  hodie 

(+  nosse6Z)(F)/2. 

23,  35.         stabat   populus  spectans  $  folc   stod   gean- 
bidiende            stabat  populus  ex(s)pectans    B  B-F  c  E  E-P  G I J  K  M  o 
KTVWX*Z  abef/zlrSaur. 

24,  29.         intravit  cum  illis  he  ineode  ty  he  mid  him 
wunude           intrauit  manere  (ut  maneret  a  c  ef)  cum  illis     D  E  Q  R 
d  r  8  gat. 

JOHN 

1,  18.  Deurn  nemo  vidit  umquam  :  unigenitus  Filius  . . 
ipse  enarravit  Ne  geseah  nsefre  nan  mann  god  buton  se 

ancenneda  sunu  hit  cySde  deum  nemo  uidit  umquam  nisi 

unigenitus  filius  . .  ipse  enarrauit  c  D  E  H  @  J  M-T  R  T  w  a  b  effz* 
I  r  aur. 

(5,  4.  This  verse  is  omitted  by  Wordsworth  and  White  and 
in  some  MSS.  It  is  present,  however,  in  most  MSS.  in  some  one 
of  three  forms,  of  which  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  nearest  to  that  found 
in  B-F  CEGHc@iK:oQTVWZa  gat.  cffj  B  aur.) 

7>  29.  Ego  scio  eum  Ic  hyne  can.  y  gif  ic  secge  ty  ic 

hine  ne  cunne.  ic  beo  leas  y  eow  gelic.  Ic  hyne  can.  ego  scio 

eum  et  si  dixero  quia  nescio  eum  ero  similis  uobis  mendax  et  (sed 
H°  M-T  w)  scio  eum  B-F  c  E  K  o  Q  T  z  aur. 

20,  31.  vitam  ece  lif  uitam  aeternam  B  D  E  KOR  z 

b  efq  r. 

2.    Readings  Probably  in  Accord  with  the 
Translator's  Original 

MATTHEW 

1,  2.         Abraham  Softlice  abraham  abraham  autem 

DLR. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  23 

2,  12.         per  aliarn  viam  reversi  sunt  ac  hie  on  ofterne 
weg  .  .  ferdon             sed  per  aliam  uiam  reuersi  sunt     D  E  L,  Q. 

3,  3.         qui  dictus  est  se  be  }>am  ]>e  gecweden  de 
quo  dictum  est     D  T  v/. 

3,  5.  circa  Jordanem  wiftgeondan  iordanen  trans 

iordanen  D. 

[3,  9.  potest  Deus  god  ys  swa  mihtig  $  he  mceg 

potens  est  deus  B  E  Hc  ®  j  K  M-T  w  x*  vg.~\ 

12,  10.  Et  ecce  homo  fa  wees  \<zr  an  man  et 

ecce  erat  (-]-  ibi  R/)  homo  D  E-P  L  Q. 

12,  15.         multi  mycel  mcenigeo  turbae  multae/. 

13,  3.         seminare  hys  seed  to  sawenne  seminare 
semen  suum     Q. 

13,  26.  tune  apparuerunt  et  zizania  J>a  ateowde  se  coccel 

hine  tune  apparuft  zizania  E  R. 

13,  45.  quaerenti  bonas  margaritas  J?e  sohte  j?  gode 

meregrot  quaerenti  bonam  margaritam  D  corp.  oxon*. 

13,  54.  sapientia   hsec   et   virtutes  J?es  wisdom  3  ]>is 
mcegen  sapientia  hsec  et  uirtus    AE-P*FH*OXY. 

14,  8.        hie  in  disco  on  anum  disce  in  disco 


14,  11.  allatum  est  .  .  et  datum  est  puellae,  et  attulit  matri 
suae  man  brohte  .  .  3  sealde  psem  msedene  3  f  mceden  hyre 

meder  allatum  est  .  .  et  datum  est  puellae  et  puella  (ilia 

B  E  E-pmg)  matri  suae  Q  R. 

15,29.         venit  eft  he  com  uenit  iterum 


15,  30.         caecos,  claudos,  debiles  healte  y  blinde  y  wan- 
hale               claudos  caecos  debiles    ABC  E-P  H*  K  L  M  M-T  Q  R  T  v 

W  X°  Y  Z. 

[16,  4.          signum  Jonae          ionas  tacen  ]>ces  witegan          sig- 
num  ionae  prophetae     E  K  L  Q  R  vg.~\ 

16,  12.         c&vendum  warmaft  cauete     LQR. 

17,  14.         homo  genibus   pro  volutes  sum  mann  gebi- 
gednm  cneowum             homo  genibus  prouolutzs    ABCE-PF@M 

OQTXY/2. 

17,  20.          si  habueritis  fidem  .  .  dicetis  yf  ge  hsefdon 

geleafan  .  .3  ge  cwsedon  si  habueritis  fidem  .  .  et  dicetis 

H1©. 


24  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

19,  21.  vende  quae  habes  becyp  eall  ty  }>u  ahst  uende 

omnia  quae  habes  E  E-pmg  L  Q  (R)  w  f. 

21,  5.  super  asinam  et  pullum  filium  subjugah's  uppan 

tamre  assene  y  hyre  folan  super  asinam  et  pullum  filium 

(om.  A*  Q  R*)  subiugalem  R.  tamre  translates  subiugalem,  as 

teoma  in  the  Mercian  gloss  to  R.  Cp.  p.  48. 

21,  20.  Quomodo  .  .  aruit  hu  .  .  ^  fictreow  forscranc 

quomodo  .  .  aruit  ficulnea  D  L  Q  R. 

21,  23.  accesserunt  ad  eum  docentem  comon  .  .  him  to 

accesserunt  ad  eum  H  R  a  b  c  effl  gl  h  L 

21,  29.  abiit  code  .  .  to  ]>am  wingerde  abiit  in 

uin(e)am  (suam  Q)  abed  eff^.z  h. 

21,  39.         ejecerunt  .  .  et  occiderunt  ofslogon  .  .  y  awur- 
pon             occiderunt  .  .  et  eiecerunt     E. 

22,  7.         missts  exerciti£ws  suis,  perdidit  sende  hys  he- 
re to  3  fordyde            misit  exercitum  suwm  et  perdidit    D  Q  R  a  6  c 


22,  8.  non  fuerunt  digni  ne  synt  wyrj?e  non 

sunt  digni  D  Q  R. 

22,  10.  malos  et  bonos  gode  3  yfele  bonos  et 

malos  E  E-P  o  R  x*. 

22,  35.  tentans   eum  fandode   hys   ]?ws  cweftende 
temptans  eum  et  dicens  (dixit  R)    E. 

23,  5.         fimbrias  heora  reafa  fnadu  fymbria?ri 
uestimenti  sui     E. 

25,  46.         Et  ibunt  3  \onne  fara^  et  tune  ibunt 
E-pmg  D  (om.  et). 

26,  7.       super  caput  ipsius  recumbentis  uppan  hys  heafud 
\wr  he  scet            super  caput  eius  (ipsius  D  o  x*)     recumbente  ipso 
(eo  E-pmg/)     E*  L  Q  R*  a  b  cff2  hqrrz. 

26,  9.         multo  to  myclum  wur]>e  pr(a)etio  magno 

(multo  D  L)      E-Pmg  Q  R      Wl.  pr.  B  Yc  E  J. 

26,  39.         sicut  tu  swa  swa  J?u  wylt  sicut  tu  uis 

BDE  E-PmgHc®  LOQRTXY°Z*  dbeffzfrhr. 

26,  53.          rogare  Patrem   meum  et  exhibe6^  biddan 
minne  feeder  j?  he  seude            rogare  patrem  meum  ut  exhibere£   Q. 

27,  62.         quae  est  post  Parasceven  J?e  wses  gearcung- 
dseg            quae  est  parasceuen     F  H*  Y. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  25 

28,  7.         ecce  praedixi  vobis  nu  ic  secge  eow  ecce 

dixi  uobis     CEILR*TC  abed eff^ h 8  gat.  etc. 


MARK 

1,  40.         Si  vis    •        Drihten,  gif  f  u  wylt  domine,  si 
uis     EH®  M-T  o  Q  cjf2  mm. 

2,  16.         videntes  y  cwsedon  dicentes     E-P*. 

2,  19.        filii  nuptiarum  foes  brydguman  cnihtas  filii 

dponsz     G  M-T  Q  a c d ef/i g2ilq8. 

2,  23.         coeperunt  progredi,  et  vellere  spicas  ongunnon 
fa  ear  pluccigean            coeperunt  uellere  spicas     Gbcdff2t. 

3,  5.         restituta  gehaeled  sona  restituta  . .  statim 
G  dfflg2. 

3,  6.       statim  . .  consilium  faciebant  feahtedon  con- 

silium  faciebant    GLM-TR. 

3,  10.  11.         Multos  enim  sanabant  ita  ut  irruerent  in  eum  ut 
ilium  tangerent  quotquot  haberent  plagas.     Et  spiritws  immundi, 
cum   ilium    videbant,   procidebant   ei  Soflice   manega   he 
gehaBlde,  swa  ^  hi  sethrinon  his.      ^  swa  fela  swa  untrumnessa 
•3  unclaene  gastas  ha3fdon,  |?a  hi  hine  gesawon,  hi  toforon  him 
astrehton             multos  enim  sanabat  ita  ut  irruerent  in  eum  ut 
ilium  tangerent.    quotquot  autem  (enim  E ;  om.  E-Pmg  z*)  habebant 
plagas  et  spiritws  inmundos  cum  ilium  uidebant  procidebant  ei 

DKM-TOR/Stf. 

4,  10.         interrogaverunt  eum  hi  qui  cum  eo  erant  cum  duo- 
decim  parabolas  hine  axodon  ty  bigspett  J?a  twelfe  ]> e  mid  him 
wseron             interrogauerunt  eum  hi  qui  cum  eo  erant  duodecim 
c  E  E-P  ®  I K  M-T  v  w  x  z  vg    parabolam  w  vg  D. 

'  4,  18.  19.         hi  sunt  qui  verbum  audiunt,  et  aerumni  saeculi 
. .  suffocant  verbum,  et  sine  fructu  e&icitur  ty  synt  fa  fte  j? 

word  gehyra^.     3  ofyrmfte  . .  ^  word  offrysmaft,  y  synt  buton 
wsestme  gewordeng  hi  sunt  qui  uerbtim  audiunt  et  aerumnae 

saeculi  ..  suffocant  uerbum  et  sine  fructu  ef&ciuntur     CDEGH1© 

K  L  M-T  O  Q  R  T. 

5,  19.         Et  non  admisit  eum  Him  fa  se  hcelend  ne 
getrSode             iesus  autem  non  admisit  eum 

(c  aur.). 


26  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

5,  42.         et  obstupuerunt  3  ealle  hi  wundredon  et 
obstupuerunt  omnes     L  cfff2  gl  i  q. 

6,  31.         Venite  seorsum  Cuma$  3  uton  gan  onsundron 
uenite'seorsum  eamus    B  M-T  oc  a  (c  ff2)  d. 

6,  46.         abiit  . .  orare  he  ferde  . .  3  hine  ana  |?ar  gebsed 

abiit  solus  orare     ©  gat. 

8,  8.         septem  sportas  seofon  wilian  fulle  septem 

sportas  plenas    E-pmg  L  Q  B. 

[8,  19.          Quando  fregi  . .  quot  sustulistis  hwsenne  ic 

brsec  . .  y  hu  fela  . .  ge  namon  quando  fregi  . .  et  quot  sustu- 

listis    A  D  i  w  Y  vg.  dflB  aurJ] 

quot  cophinos  fragmentorum  hu  fela  wyligena 

quot  cophinos     D  M  M-T  o. 

10,  7.          Propter  hoc  homo  ^  cwceft,  for)?am  se  mann 

et  dixit,  propter  hoc  homo     B © K L, M-T owx-zbcdfaqr gat. 

10,  17.         rogabat  eum  cwceft  y  bsed  hine  rogabat 

eum  dicens       c  H1  @  K  L  M-T  OTVWXZa6(c)  dfklqr  aur. 

10,32.         et  stupebant :  et  sequentes  timebant  3  hi  adre- 

don  him  hine  3   him  fyligdon  et  stupebant  et  sequentes 

timebant  eum    B  ©  M-T  o  G  x*. 

13,  6.         dicentes,  quia  ego  sum  3  cwej^aft  ic  eom  Crist 

dicentes  quia  ego  sum  christus     D  E-P  H  @  Q  gat.  b  cg2. 

13,  19.         Erunt  ..  dies  illi  tribulationes  on  ]>am  dagum 

beo^  . .  gedrefednessa  erunt  . .  diebus  illis  tribulationes    w 

akqd. 

13,  32.         De  die  autem  illo  vel  hora  Be  ]?am  dsege  3 
]>sdre  tide            de  die  autem  illo  et  hora     CE-P^GLM-TQRT. 

14,  17.  18.          discumbentibus  eis  mid  him  sittendum 
discumbentibus  cum  eis     AH©  Y.     Cp.  p.  46. 

14,43.          lignis  mid  sahlum  fustibus     GLQX* 

fffz kcqd.  sagol  usually  translates  fustis.      See  Bosworth- 

Toller. 

15,  1.  vindentes  Jesum,   duxerunt  laeddon   ];sene 
hselend  gebundenne              uinctum  iesum  duxerunt      D  E-P  M-T  o 
a  c  djfz  ^  TV  aur. 

15,  35.         Eliam  vocat  )>es  clypaiS  heliam  heliam 

uocat  ist e    L  Q  c  d  fa  gat. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  27 


LUKE 

[1,  54.         suscepit  Israel  puerum  suum  memorari  misericordiae 
suae  He  onfeng  israhel  hys  cniht  3  gemunde  hys  mildheort- 

nesse  suscepit  israhel  puerum  suum  recordatus  (memoratus 

B  o)  misericordiae  suae     w  x*  Jg  &  (ft  aurj\ 

1,  70.  71.         Sicut  locutus  est  . .  salutem  ex  inimicis  nostris 
Swa  he  sprsec  .  .  3  he  alysde  us  of  urum  feondum  sicut 
locutus  est  . .  et  liberauit  nos  ab  inimicis  nostris     p  G  Q  R  b  cff2  Iqr 
aur.  gat. 

2,  15.         pastores  loquebantur  ]?a  hyrdas  . .  sprsecon  3 
cwcedon              pastores   loquebantur   dicentes      D  L     etdixerunta 

bfti 

3,  2.         verbum  Domini  godes  word  uerbum  del 
ACFMOQTZ  abe/S. 

[3,   8.          potest   Deus  god  is  swa   mihtig   ty   he  mceg 

potens  est  deus     H<B)KMXW7acd efffz I q r.~\ 

3,  9.         ad  radicem  arborurn,  to  ftces  treowes  wyrtruman 

ad  radicem  arboris     x  K  z; 

[fructum  godne   wsestm  fructum  bonum 

B-F  c  D  E-P  H1  ®  u  K  L  M-T  RTVWZvgbcd  efffj  I  q  r  &.] 

3,  38.          Omitted  o^   fif  ^    hundseofantig   cneoryssa 
generationes  LXXV     B-F  K1  zrec. 

4,  1.          agebatur  in  spiritu       .       wses  /ram  haligum  gaste 
gelsed  agebatur  a  spiritu     CD. 

5,  34.          Numquid  potestis  filios  spqnsi  . .  facere  jejunare  ? 
cwyst  ]m  magon  ]>sds  brydguman  beam  fsestan?  numquid 
possunt  filii  sponsi  . .  ieiunare ?     GZ  abed ejf2. 

[6,  40.         omnis  . .  sicut  magister  ejus  selc  .  .  gif  he  is 

swylce  his  lareow  omnis  . .  si  sit  sicut  magister  eius    B1  G  H 

©  K  M-T  osax  P  v  w  x*  z  vg  a  cfl  q  r  aur.  gat.~] 

7,  39.         sciret  . .  qualis  est  mulier  he  wiste  . .  hwylc 
J?is  wif  wcere             sciret  .  .  qualis  esset  mulier     A  E-P  F  Q I  M  o 
P  Q  Y  (om.  esset  c  D  E  J  dfolS  gat.). 

8,  16.         Nemo  . .  lucernam  accendens,  operit  earn  Ne 
oferwrihS  nan  man  . .  his  oncelede  leohtfset            nemo  . .  lucernam 
accensam  operit  earn     a  c  f2 1  <? r  E- 


28  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

8,  51.         et  Jacobum  et  Joannem  3  lohannem  3  iacobum 

et  lohannem  et  Iacobum     B-F  c  E-P  jKOQBTVWzaftcc?  efjf2 1  q 
r  &  aur. 

8,  52.         non  est  mortua  puella  So]>lice  nis  J>is  mseden 
dead             non  est  enim  mortua  puella     EGH©KOPVXzacd 
fffzlqrS  aur.  gat. 

9,  28.          Factum  est  . .  dies  octo  et  assumpsit  wses 
geworden  .  .  eahta  dagas  •)?  he  nam             factum  est . .  dies  octo 
assumpsit     EGJUabfalr. 

Jacobum  et  Joannem  lohannem  3  Iacobum 

lohannem  et  Iacobum     BB-FC  E-P  JK  M-TORT  vx  z  abcefff^l 
q  S  aur.  gat. 

9,  43.         in  omnibus  quae  fadebat  be  J>am  ]?ingum  f>e 
gewurdun             in  omnibus  quae  fiebant     cw. 

10,  30.          Suscipiens  autem  Jesus  dixit  Da  cwae]?  se 
hselend  hine  upbeseonde            suspidens  autem  iesus  dixit     A  B-F 

CEFG0JKMM-TTVWXZ9S  bdlc. 

11,  4.  dimitte    nobis    .  .    siquidem   et    ipsi    dimittimus 
forgyf  us  . .  swa  we  forgyfaS  dimitte  nobis  . .  sicut  quidem 
et  (sicut  et  a b  edfff2lr)  uos  dimittimus     R. 

14,  14.  non  habent  retribuere  tibi  nabbaiS  hwanun 

hig  hit  ]>e  forgyldon  non  habent  unde  retribuere  tibi 

H ®  J o T x* z*  acfffzlraur. 

14,  19.  Juga  bourn  .  .  quinque  an  getyme  oxena 

luga  bourn  . .  u  D  E  F  K  T  w.  The  numeral  u  might  have 

easily  been  overlooked. 

16,  11.        quod  verum  est  •)?  eower  ys  quod  uestrum 
est     BC  D  E  F  K*  Q  x*  z*  q  aur. 

17»  5.  dixerunt  Apostoli  Domino  cwsedon  apostolas, 

drihten  dixerunt  apostoli  domine  BDFQHQT^C  eff^  q  r. 

17»  7.  pascentem  seep  laesgendne  ones  pascentem 

DKM-TQBT0  (6) c dfjfc I Iqr s S  aur.  gat. 

17,  31.         In  ilia  hora  on  iSam  dcege  in  ilia  die 
defq. 

18,  16.        pueros  lytlingas  paruulos     DKRTwS. 
puer  is  rendered  by  lytling  in  none  of  the  43  passages  in  which 
it  occurs  in  the  Gospels. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  29 

19,  24.  date  illi,  qui  decem  mnas  habet  syllaft  J?am 

]>e  hsefS  an  pund  date  illi  qui  x  ranas  habet  D  E  R  w  cff^  i  q. 

Cp.  14,  19.  The  next  verse  —  dixerunt  ei,  Domine,  habet  decem 
mnas  —  is  probably  taken  as  the  disciples'  correction  of  Jesus's 
apparent  mistake. 

19,  30.  castellum  quod  contra  est  ^  castel  J?e  ongen 

me  ys  castellum  quod  contra  uos  est  B  D  E  E-Pmg  K  M-T  o  Q 

B  T  w  5  «g>  q  r  aur. 

19,  37.  turbae  discipulorum  j;a  menego  turbae 

acffzils.  Cp.  p.  16. 

21,  9.  cum  audieritis  proelia  J>onne  ge  geseoft  gefeoht 

cum  uideritis  proelia  D  q. 

JOHN 

1,  16.  de  plenitudine  .  .  accepimus  et  gratiam  pro  gratia 
of  .  .  gefyllednesse  we  .  .  onfengon  gyfe  for  gyfe  de  pleni- 

tudine .  .  accepimus  gratiam  pro  gratia  A  c  D  E  E-PC  J  M-T  Q  R  8 
T  u  x  Y  a  b  c  eff2*  Ir  aur. 

4,  17.  Bene  dixisti  quia  non  habeo  virum  wel  ]m 

cwsede  ^  J?u  ncefst  ceorl  bene  dixisti  quia  non  habes  uirum 


5,  43.         veni  .  .  et  non  accipitis  me  Ic  com  .  .  3  ge  me 
ne  underfengon              ueni  .  .  et  non  accepistis  me     A*  c  E  E-P  H 

®i*JKOQRWZ5S^^?*  affz  aur-  gat* 

6,69.         credidimus  we  gelyfa^S  credimus    CDEF 

GJKORTVWY*z°5jgS)  ceff2lr§  aur. 

6,  71.          dicebat   .  .   Judam  he   hyt   cwsej>   be    iuda 
dicebat  de  Iuda    ®KQVWXZ29S^c  e/Qf2)  Ir  (EHO  aur.). 

9,  3.  ut  manifestentur  opera  Dei  ^  godes  weorc  wcere 

geswutelod  ut  manifestetur  opus  dei  A  B-F  A  E-P*  F  H  M  s  x*  Y 

(manifestaretur  or  -tetur  opera  BCGE@OQTXC  adefff^qr 
aur.). 

9,  41.  dicitis  Quia  videmus.  Peccatum  vestrum  manet 
ge  secgaiS  ^  ^  ge  geseon  ty  is  eowre  synn  dicitis  quia  uidetis 

peccatum  uestrum  manet  T  e  (uos  uidere  I). 

11,  1.  Erat  quidem  languens  Lazarus  sum  seoc  man 

waes  genemned  lazarus  erat  quidem  languens  nomine  lazarus 

D  G  a  b  cfffz  I. 


30  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

de  castello  Mariae  et  Marthae  sororis  ejus  of 

marian  ceastre  3  of  marthan  his  swmtra  de  castello  mariae 

et  marthae  sororum  eius     D  E  Gmg  Q  R  w  z  9  £>  I  gat. 

11,  4;         Infirmitas  haec  non  est  ad  mortem,  sed  pro  gloria 
Dei,  ut  glorificetur  Filius  Dei  per  earn  Nys  )?eos  untrumnyss 
na  for  deafte  ac  for  godes  wuldre  ty  godes  sunu  si  gewuldrod  Jnirh 
hyne             . .  per  eum    A  *  B  A  E-P  H©JKORSVYZ  (6  c)fff2*  (I). 

12,  13.        jprocesserunt  obviam  ei  eodon  ut  ongean  hine 
eaierunt  obuiam  ei     acd efjf2 r  our. 

13,  12.         Postquam  ergo  lavit  pedes  eorum  et  accepit  vesti- 
menta  sna :  cum  recubuisset  iterum,  dixit  eis  Sy&San  he 
hsefde  hyra  fet  aj>wogene  he  nam  his  reaf  ^  ]>a  he  saet  he  cwseiS 
eft  to  him             postquam  ergo  lauit  pedes  eorum  accepit  uesti- 
menta  sua  et  cum  recubuisset  iterum  dixit  eis     BETsS  abcflm. 
(eorum  accepit,  also  G^2*  aur.;  et  cum,  also  B-FDO*  ejf2q.) 

14,  1.         Omitted  3  he   cwseiS   to   his   leorningcnihton 
et  ait  discipulis  suis     M-T  a  c  d  aur. 

16*    17.  Dixerunt   ex   discipulis   ejus  cwsedon   his 

leorningcnihtas  dixerunt  discipuli  sui     B  E  E-pmgjQKT°x* 

abcfff2rG. 

19,  24.         in  vestem  meam  miserunt  sortern  ofer  mine 
reaf  hi  wurpon  hlott             super  uestem  meam  miserunt  sortem 
E  F  J  cff2  q  r  aur. 

20,  4.          venit  primus  com   raftor  uenit  prior 
c  T  w  ab  c  dz    r  anr>      riu8  E-Pmg  M-T. 


(c)  CHARACTER  AND  TYPE  OF  THE  TRANSLATOR'S 
ORIGINAL 

The  following  tables  show  the  share  of  each  one  of  Wordsworth 
and  White's  manuscripts  in  the  above  peculiar  readings.  The 
object  is  to  see  whether  any  manuscript  or  class  of  manuscripts 
exhibits,  in  these  readings,  a  special  nearness  to  the  translator's 
original. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 


31 


ASSUMED  READINGS 


Matthew 

Mark 

Luke 

John 

(26  readings) 

(12  readings) 

(19  readings) 

(3  readings) 

Q  

16 

M-T  

8 

0  RT... 

7 

E  

3 

ER  

14 

Z  

-  7 

DE  

CDKORTZ.. 

2 

L  

1  9 

©0  

6 

BC  

4 

B  B-F  H  J  M-T 

D  

10 

Q.. 

6 

G  

3 

QW0  

1 

E-Pmg  

8 

BGK..  

3 

B-F  E-P  F  K 

®T  

5 

RTVWX.... 

2 

PWX*  YZ... 

,  2 

W  

4 

A  E-P  E-Pmg 

A  Erec  E-P*  1 

v 

BE-PFO  

3 

H°  I  L  X*  Y 

JM  VZ  

1 

C  JXZZ*.... 

2 

Ymg    ...     . 

1 

A  H  H1  Hmg 

/".sax    rjsax  -r,* 

U              A             XV 

< 

? 

T°VX°YYC.. 

1 

PROBABLE 

READINGS 

Matthew 

Marie 

Luke 

John 

(37  readings) 

(26  readings) 

(31  readings) 

(16  readings) 

R  

18 

M-T  

13 

D  

12 

E  

8 

O.  . 

17 

10 

KR.   .     ..... 

11 

R  

7 

E  

14 

L  

9 

T  W  

10 

J  0... 

fi 

D  

13 

GO  

8 

EZ  .., 

9 

DT  W  

5 

10 

D  K  W 

6 

G  O 

8 

C  K  O 

-1 

E-PmgTO  

5 

R  

5 

C  

7 

B  F  H  M-T  S 

BC0  Y.  

4 

CZ  

4 

F  J  M-T  O  ® 

®VYZ  

3 

AE-PFH*K 

B  E  E-P  H  T 

V  

6 

A  A*  A  E-P 

XX*  

3 

VX  

3 

B-FHX  

6 

E-PmgGX*... 

2 

H°  J  M  M-T 

AH1  IX*  Y.. 

2 

E-PM  X*.... 

4 

B-F  E-P*  E-PC 

R*VWYC.... 

2 

E-pmg  E-P1  F 

A  BP  

3 

Gmg  I  M  Tc  U 

E*  E-P*  H  H1 

MOC  

1 

ILZ  

2 

X  YZCZ2  

1 

ITCXCZZ*.... 

1 

B^E-P^H 

32 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 


In  the  above  figures  there  are  two  things  which  appear  to  be 
significant.  The  first  is  the  fact  that  in  both  sets  of  figures  for 
Matthew  the  number  of  readings  attested  by  D  E  L  Q  R  much 
exceeds  that  of  the  other  manuscripts.1  The  second  is  the  very 
small  number  of  peculiar  readings  in  John. 

Now  DELQR  (and  E-p)2  are  the  six  manuscripts  used  by 
Wordsworth  and  White  that  exhibit  the  "Irish"  type  of  text.3 
This  type  is  very  marked  in  its  peculiarities  (far  more  so  than 
any  other  of  Wordsworth  and  White's  manuscripts),  containing 
many  Old  Latin  readings  and  independent  revisions  from  the 
Greek.  The  extent  to  which  the  readings  of  the  translator's 
original  conformed  in  its  peculiarities  to  this  "  Irish "  type  will 
appear  more  clearly  from  the  following  table : 


Peculiar  Readings  in 
Only  "  Irish  MSS." 
2  or  more    "         "    and  1  other 

4  or  more    "         "    and  2  others 

5  or  more    "         "    and  3  others 


It  is  .evident  that  the  translator's  original  was  marked  by 
"  Irish "  readings  in  Matthew,  while  in  the  other  Gospels  these 

J  It  should  be  noted  that  in  these  MSS.,  and  in  M  B  u,  the  gaps  are  considerable. 
The  number  of  the  passages  cited  in  the  lists  as  peculiar,  in  which  D  E  L  Q  B  E-P 
are  deficient  is  as  follows  (the  whole  number  of  passages  being  given  as  a  denomi- 
nator to  indicate  the  proportion) : 


ASSUMED 

PROBABLE 

M. 

Mk.  L.   J. 

M. 

Mk. 

L. 

J. 

9 

5 

19 

3 

3 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

6 

2 

1 

Assu 
M.                M 
D  12/26    

MED                                                  PROBABLE 
k.          L.           J.               M.         Mk.          L.           J. 
25/37     

E...,                                  9, 

fl2      2/19        2/3        14/26    10/31     13/16 

18/19        3/3        23/31     17/16 

1/3        ....             .                      4/16 

K  

6/19     6/31 

E-P  4/26 

4/37 

*  E-P  is  less  distinctively  "  Irish."     See  Wordsworth  in  Scrivener,  vol.  n,  p.  80. 
8  Wordsworth  in   Scrivener,  vol.  n,  p.  58 ;    Wordsworth  and  White,  p.  x ; 
Wescott  in  Smith's  Dictionary,  vol.  iv,  p.  3457. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  33 

readings  play  a  much  smaller  part.  That  is,  the  translator's 
original  seems  to  show  a  special  type  of  text  for  Matthew. 

This  text,  however,  though  characterized  by  "  Irish  "  readings, 
is  very  far  from  being  an  "  Irish "  text.  This  will  be  evident 
at  once  on  comparing  the  spelling  of  the  proper  names  in  the 
Anglo-Saxon  with  the  spelling  in  DELQK.  The  Anglo-Saxon 
spelling  (which  appears  to  be  an  accurate  reflex  of  the  original1) 
conforms,  for  the  most  part,  to  the  usual  Hieronymian  spelling. 
The  "  Irish  "  manuscripts,  on  the  other  hand,  are  in  the  matter 
of  spelling,  both  as  regards  the  proper  names  and  other  words, 
eccentric  to  an  extraordinary  degree.  Again  there  are  a  very 
great  number  of  "Irish"  readings  which  are  at  variance  with 
the  Anglo-Saxon. 

Westcott  asserts2  tha.t  among  the  many  British  manuscripts 
still  extant  in  England  there  are  texts  ranging  all  the  way  from 
the  old  Irish  version  (D  E  L,  Q  R)  to  versions  almost  Hieronymian, 
and  that  it  is  impossible  to  draw  a  sharp  line  of  division.  It 
seems  probable  that  the  original  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  version  of 
Matthew  was  one  of  these  British  manuscripts  (extant3  or  lost), 
and  one  marked  with  "  Irish  "  readings. 

The  special  character  of  the  translator's  original  in  John  is 
obvious.  The  number  of  readings  noted  as  peculiar  is  very 
small.  Indeed  of  the  three  " assumed"  readings  no  one  is,  in 
strictness,  peculiar  at  all.  The  testimony  of  the  manuscripts  is 
pretty  evenly  divided  between  the  reading  assumed  and  the 
reading  rejected,  and  the  same  is  true,  for  the  most  part,  of  the 
"  probable "  readings.  In  other  words,  the  translator's  text  in 
John  was  almost  Hieronymian. 

In  the  case  of  Mark  and  Luke  there  is  nothing  so  marked. 
There  are  many  peculiar  readings,  but  there  is  no  predominance 
of  the  readings  of  any  one  marked  type.  M-T  is  at  the  head  of 

1  The  very  slight  variation  in  the  spelling  of  the  names  among  the  several 
texts  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  shows  that  the  scribes  were  careful  in  the  transcription 
of  names. 

''Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  vol.  iv,  p.  3458. 

8  The  number  of  these  manuscripts  whose  readings  have  not  been  recorded, 
which  have  not  indeed  been  examined  with  any  care,  is  said  to  be  very  large. 
Our  translator's  original  may  survive. 


34  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

both  lists  in  Mark,  and  there  are  several  exclusively  "  Irish  " 
readings  in  Luke,  but  there  is  nothing  marked  enough  to  warrant 
or  suggest  an  inference. 

The  translator's  original,  therefore,  seems  to  show  at  least  three 
types  of  texts — one  for  Matthew,  a  second  for  John,  and  a  third 
for  Mark  and  Luke.  This  can  mean  either  that  there  were  three 
separate  manuscripts,1  or  that  the  translation  was  made  from  one 
manuscript  of  a  varied  type.  Whether  or  not  the  latter  is  likely 
the  special  student  of  Vulgate  texts  is  best  qualified  to  say. 


1  Which  would  suggest  three  translators,  one  for  M.,  a  second  for  Mk.  and  L.r 
and  a  third  for  J.  This  is  actually  the  conclusion  of  Drake  (p.  45).  On  the 
basis  of  certain  differences  in  the  mode  of  rendering  the  same  word,  phrase,  or 
construction,  and  certain  other  features  that,  he  thinks,  differentiate  one  part 
irom  another,  he  assigns  M.  to  one  translator,  Mk.  and  L.  to  another,  and  J.  to  a 
third  (or  possibly  to  the  translator  of  M.).  The  evidence  which  he  presents  is 
certainly  suggestive,  but  is  hardly  sufficient  to  justify  his  conclusion.  He  deals- 
with  a  comparatively  small  number  of  data:,  for  a  trustworthy  conclusion  all 
the  data  must  be  considered. 


II.  MISTAKES  IN  RENDERING 

(a)  MISTAKES  OF  THE  EYE 

Under  this  head  may  be  arranged  those  passages  in  which  the 
translator,  from  haste,  carelessness,  or  a  preconceived  notion  of  the 
meaning,  seems  to  have  mistaken  the  actual  form  before  him  for 
another  form  which  is  similar.  In  a  number  of  cases  a  due  regard 
for  the  meaning  or  even  the  grammatical  forms  of  the  context 
would  have  prevented  the  mistake ;  but  both  these  essential  matters 
are,  throughout  the  translation,  frequently  overlooked.  In  some 
of  the  instances  below  the  form  supposed  to  have  been  taken  by 
mistake  is  present  in  some  of  Wordsworth  and  White's  MSS.,  in 
which  cases  these  MSS.  are  designated.  In  other  instances  also  it  is 
of  course  possible  that  the  mistaken  forms  were  in  the  original, 
though  not  recorded  in  these  MSS. 

gui  taken  as  quia  : 

Mk.  1,  24.  scio  qui  sis,  sanctus  dei  ic  wat  J>u  eart 

godes  halga  (quia  D  E-p2  L  Q  T°  w  r2  aur.)'. 

L.  61  27.  uobis  dico  qui  auditis  ic  eow  secge  for\>am 

\e  ge  gehyraj?.  (quia  G). 

L.  8,  13.  qui  ad  tempus  credunt  '  for]>am  \e  hi  hwilum 
gelyfaft  (quia  EH0KQVXZ1  bfff2 lqlr  aur.). 

quia  taken  as  qui : 

M.  11,  25.         quia  abscond isti  ]>u  \e  behyddyst     (qui 

DETWZ*). 

M.  23,  15.         uae  uobis  . .  quia  circuitis  mare  Wa  eow 

. .  ge  befaraS  sa3     (qui  r>  E  J  K  ®  M-T  Q  T  v  z*). 

L.  11,  42.         uae  uobis  . .  quia  decimatis  wa  eow  . .  ge 

\e  teoj>ia$     (gui  D  E  M  T  v  w). 

J.  8,  25.          principium  quia  et  loquor  uobis  ic  eom 

fruma  \>e  to  eow  sprece     (qui  K  M-T  v  w  Y  e  vg). 

35 


36  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

quid  taken  as  quia  or  quod  : 

J.  6,  30.  Quod  . .  tu  facis  signum  ut  . .  credamus  ?  quid 
operaris?  hwset  dest  Jm  to  tacne  f  we  .  .  gelyfon  f  ]?u  hit 

wyrce  ? 

et  taken  as  ut: 

M.  4,  6.  et  in  manibus  tollent  te  ^  hig  J?e  on  hyra 

handum  beron  (ut  D  L,2). 

Mk.  9,  31.  et  Occident  eum             ^  hi  hine  ofslean. 

J.  4,  10.  petisses  ab  eo  et  dedisset  Jm  baede  hine  f- 
he  sealde. 

J.  12,  5.  et  datum  est  egenis  •)?  man  mihte  syllan 
]?earfon. 

J.  17,  23.  et  cognoscat  mundus  ^  middaneard  on- 
cnawe  (ut  M-T  ader). 

ut  taken  as  et : 

J.  10,  17.  ego  pono  animam  meam,  ut  iterum  sumam  earn 
ic  sylle  mine  sawle  3  hig  eft  nime  (et  A  A  E-P  H1  ©  K  M-T  o  s  v 
w  x  Y  c). 

J.  12,  46.  ut  omnis  qui  credit  in  me  . .  non  maneat  y 

nan  J?ara  }>e  gelyf 3  on  me  ne  wuna-S. 

J.  19,  33.  cum  uenissent,  ut  uiderunt  ]>a  hi  . .  comon 

^  gesawon  (et  EGTX  an°q  aur.  gat.). 

et  si  confused  with  etsi  : 

M.  21,  21.  sed  et  si  monti  huic  dixeritis  ac  eac  }>ek 

ge  cwe)>an  to  J?isum  munte. 

Mk.  8,  26.  et  si  in  uicum  introieris  3  ]>cah  Jni  on 

tun  ga. 

Mk.  16,  18.  et  si  mortiferum  quid  biberint,  non  eos  nocebit 
him  nederaft  ]>eah  hi  hwset  deadbserlices  drincan. 

nee  scit  taken  as  nescit : 

J.  14,  17.          quia  non  uidet  eum,  nee  scit  eum  He  ne 

cann  hyne  forSam  j?e  he  ne  gesyh-8  hyne     (nescit  D  E  Q  K  rgat.). 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  37 

-em  or  e-  taken  as  -e  : 

M.  24,  15.  aborainationem  .  .  quae  dicta  est  a  Danielo 
propheta  stantem  in  loco  sancto  onsceonunge  . .  J>e  se  witega 

gecwseft  daniel  ]>a  he  stod  on  haligre  stowe.  Read  stante. 

Mk.  16,  20.  domino  cooperante  et  sermonem  confirmante 
drihtne  mid  wyrcendum  y  trymmendre  spraece.  Read  sermone. 

-i  -e  taken  as  -in  -en  or  i-  e-  : 

Mk.  15,  32.  qui  cum  eo  crucifixi  erant,  conuiciabantur  ei 
J?a  iSe  him  mid  hangodon  waeron  him  mid  gebundene.  Read 

conuinciebantur. 

L.  21,  21.  non  discedant  nyfter  ne  astigaft.  Read 

descendant.  Cp.  p.  22. 

Miscellaneous : 

M.  15,  30.         mutos,  claudos  manega  healte.  Taken 

as  multos. 

Mk.  5,  40.         adsumit  patrem  et  matrem  puellae  nam 

petrum  y  J>ses  msedenes  modor.  Read  petrum,  absurdly,  as 

there  is  no  mention  of  Peter  in  the  context. 

ingrediuntur  ubi  puella  arat  iacens  inneo- 

don  suwiende  ]?ar  ty  mseden  wses.  Read  tacens. 

Mk.  12,  36.  Ipse  enim  Dauid  dicit  in  spiritu  sancto 
Dauid  sylf  cwseft  to  ]>am  halgan  gaste.  Neglected  in,  and 

took  spiritu  as  spiritui.     The  rendering  is  absurd. 

Mk.  14,  64.      condemnaaerunt  eum  esse  reum  mortis  hyrw- 

don  . .  hine  ^   cwcedon  ty    he   wsere   dea^es   scyldig.  Read 

contemnauerunt,  which  also  makes  necessary  3  cwcedon.  The 
rendering  of  hyrwan  by  "  condemn  "  in  the  dictionaries  seems  to 
be  based  only  on  this  passage. 

L.  1,  5.         de  uice  Abia  of  abian  tune.  Read  uico. 

L.   1,   78.          oriens  ex   alto  of  eastdcete  upspringende. 

Possibly  confused  with  austro,  with  substitution  of  eastdcde  for 
su]>dcele  (which  renders  austram  M.  12,  42,  L.  11,  31)  on  account 
of  oriens. 

L.  2,  3.  ibant  omnes  ut  profiterentur  singuli  in  suam  ciuita- 
tem  ealle  hig  eodon  3  syndrie  ferdon  on  hyra  ceastre. 


38  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

The  translator  is  confused  by  the  somewhat  unusual  sense  of 
profiteri.  ut  is  taken  as  ety  profiterentur  as  proficiscerentur,  and 
grammar  disregarded. 

L.  10,  6.  requiescet  super  illam  pax  uestra  . .  ad  uos  reuerte- 
tur  reste  J;ar  eower  sib  . .  sy  to  eow  gecyrred.  Con- 

fused with  requiescat  . .  reuertatur. 

L.  11,  7.  et  ille  deintus  respondens  dicat  And  he 

]>onne  him  J;us  "jswarige.  Confused  with  delude. 

L.  12,  1 5.  cauete  ab  . .  auaritia  quia  non  in  abundantia  . . 
uita  .  .  est  warniaft  wr3  .  .  gytsunge  forj?am  |?e  nys  . .  lif 

on  gytsunge.  Taken  as  repetition  of  auaritia. 

L.  12,  55.  dicitis  quia  uentus  (see  p.  21)  erit  ge 

secgea-3  ^  is  towerd.  Taken  as  uenturus,  which  is  rendered 

by  toweard  9  times  in  the  Gospels. 

L.  13,  32.  tertia  die  consummor  ];riddan  dsege  ic  beo 

fornumen.  Taken  as  consumor,  which  is  rendered  by  forniman 

L.  9,  54. 

L.  22,  44.  guttae  sauguinis  decurrentis  blodes  dropan 

. .  yrnende.  Taken  as  decurrentes. 

J.  9,  2.  quis  peccauit  hwcet  syngode.  Taken 

as  quid. 

J.  14,  1.  creditis  in  deum,  et  in  me  credite  ge  gelyfaft 

on  god  3  gdyfafc  on  me.  Possibly  taken  as  creditis. 

Should  be  geLyfaft  eac  on  me. 

M.  15,  22.  mulier  Chananea,  afinibus  illis  egressa,  clamauit 
of  ]>am  chananeiscum  gemcerum  clypode  sum  wif.  The  trans- 

lator possibly  read  Chananeae  ex  finibus,  and  this  would  make 
it  possible  to  neglect  egressa. 

(b)  MISAPPREHENSIONS  OF  THE  MEANING 

In  many  of  the  passages  under  this  heading  there  is  an  actual 
ambiguity  in  the  meauing  of  the  Latin.  Reference  to  the  Greek 
will  usually  make  the  meaning  clear.  The  translations  in  quota- 
tion marks  are  those  of  the  English  version  of  1881. 

quia  or  quoniam,  "  that,"  taken  as  quia  or  quoniam,  "  because  : " 

M.    6,    26.  Respicite    uolatilia   .  .   quoniam    non    serunt 

Behealdaft  . .  fuglas  for]>am  ]>e  hig  ne  sawaiS. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

M.  26,  54.  implebuutur  scripturae  quia  sic  opportet  fieri 
.  .  for\am  ]>us  hyt  gebyraft  to  beonne. 

L.  12,  51.        See  p.  47. 

J.  11,  1  5.  gaudeo  .  .  quoniam  non  eram  ibi  ("  that  I  was 
not  there  ")  ic  com  blij?e  .  .  for]>am  ic  nses  ]?ara. 

J.  16,  19*.  quaeritis  inter  uos  quia  dixi  ("  that  I  said  ") 
.  .  for]>am  ic  ssede. 

J.  16,  26.  non  dico  uobis  quia  ego  rogabo  patrem  de  uobis 
ic  eow  ne  secge  for)>am  ic  bidde  minne  feeder  be  eow.  The 

translator  does  not  make  a  good  sense. 

quia,  quod,  "because,"  "since,"  taken  as  quia,  quod,  "that." 

Mk.  15,  42.  quia  erat  Parasceue  •)?  wses  parasceue. 

And  this  }>cet  is  further  certain  to  be  taken  as  demonstrative. 

J.  5,  28.  Nolite  mirari  hoc,  quia  uenit  hora  ("  for  the 

hour  cometh")  Ne  wundrigeon  ge  ftses  ^  seo  tid  cynrS. 

J.  14,  2.  Si  quominus,  dixissem  uobis  ;  quia  (el  Se  fjurj,  elirov 
&v  vfuv  on:  "If  it  were  not  so,  I  would  have  told  you,  for") 
uado  parare  uobis  locum  ne  ssede  ic  eow  hyt  ys  lytles  wana 

j?  ic  fare  3  wylle  eow  eardungstowe  gearwian.  The  Anglo- 

Saxon  seems  to  be  interrogative.  It  is  hard  to  see  how  the  first 
part  of  the  sentence  could  have  been  got  out  of  the  Latin. 

quod,  "that  which,"  taken  as  quod,  "that"  conj. 

M.  26,  13.         quod  haec  fecit  (o  eTrolrjaev  CLVTITJ)  j?  heo 

dyde. 

Mk.  14,  9.         quod  fecit  haec,  narrabitur  in  memoriam  eius 
ty  heo  ]>is  on  his  gemynde  dyde.     Cp.  p.  41. 


quid,  "  what,"  taken  as  quid,  "  why  :  " 

M.  11,  7.  8.  Quid  existis  in  desertam  uidere?  arundinem 
uento  agitatam  ?  Sed  quid  existis  uidere?  hominem  etc.  Hwi 

code  ge  on  wesften  geseon  winde  awegyd  hreod.  oft^e  hwi  code 
ge  ut  geseou  mann  &c.  Similarly,  L.  7,  24,  25,  26. 

M.  11,  9.  quid  existis  uidere  ?  prophetam  ?  (&  or  uidere 

prophetam  ("  wherefore  went  ye  out  ?  to  see  a  prophet  ?  ") 


40  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

hwcet  code  ge  ut  witegan  geseon.  hwcet  seems  here  to  mean 

"why."     Cp.  Wiilfing,  §  313. 

quid,  "  why,"  taken  as  quid,  "  what : " 

Mk.  2,  24.  Ecce,  Quid  faciunt  discipuli  tui  (see  p.  — )  quod 
non  licet  loca  nu  hwcet  Jrine  leorningcnihtas  do-3  '^  him  alyted 

naes.     The  translator  may  have  taken  quid  as  quod. 

quid,  "  what,"  taken  as  quid,  "  anything  : " 

Mk.  11,  3.  si  quis  uobis  dixerit :  quid  facitis  ?  dicite  etc. 
gyf  hwa  to  inc  hwcet  cwy$,  secgaft  etc.  The  mistake  makes 

necessary  the  omission  of  facitis. 

hie,  "  this,"  taken  as  hie,  "  here : " 

M.  3,  17.         hie  est  (ovro?  eVr«>)  films  menus  Her  is 

min  . .  sunu.  Similarly,  M.  17,  5 ;  Mk.  12,  7 ;  L.  20,  14. 

hie,  "  here,"  taken  as  hie,  "  this  : " 

M.  12,  6.         maior  est  hie  (o>Se)  ]?es  ys  mserra.     Simi- 

larly, M.  12,  42;   L.  11,  31,  32. 

ut,  "  as,"  taken  as  ut,  "  that : " 

L.  3,  23.  erat  .  .  annorum  triginta,  ut  putabatur,  filius 
Joseph  ("the  son,  as  was  supposed,  of  Joseph")  waes  .. 

J?ritig  wintre  ty  menu  wendon  -j?  he  waere  &c. 

One  case  taken  as  another  : 

M.  13,  38.  zizania  autem  filii  sunt  nequam  Se  coccel 

synt  so]?lice  J>a  manfullan  beam.  Taken  as  nom.  sg. 

M.  13,  25.  superseminauit  zizania  (Greek  ace.  pi.)  ofer- 

seow  hit  mid  coecele.  Seems  to  be  taken  as  abl.  sg. 

Mk.  5,  7.  Je«u  fill  dei  summi  mcera  hselend  godes 

sunu.  summi  seems  to  be  taken  as  voc. 

Mk.  6,  21.  cum  dies  .  .  accidisset,  Herodes  natalis  sui 
caenam  fecit  ]?a  se  dseg  com  herodes  gebrydtide,  he  gegear- 

wode  &c.  (Herodis  B  c  E  E-p1  R  z8  (T  L)). 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  41 

Mk.  7,  26.  Syrophoenissa  genere  ("'a  S.  by  race")  siro- 

fenisces  cynnes, 

Mk.  14,  9.         See  p.  39. 

Mk.  14,  35.  orabat  ut  . .  transiret  ab  eo  hora  ("  the  hour 
might  pass  away  ")  . .  ^  he  on  ]>cere  tide  fram  him  gewite. 

The  antecedents  of  he  and  him  are  not  clear. 

L.  4,  35.  cum  proiecisset  ilium  daemonium  in  medium 
("  when  the  devil  had  thrown  him  down  in  the  midst ")  J>a 

he  utadraf  hine  on  heora  midlene.  daemonium  is  taken  as 

object. 

L.  7,  18.  Nuntiauerunt  Johanni  discipuli  eius  Cyddun 

iohannes  leorningcnihtas  him.  lohanni  may  have  been  con- 

fused with  the  genitive. 

L.  24,  33.  inuenerunt . .  undecim  et  eos  qui  cum  ipsis  erant, 
dicentes  (Xeyovras)  gemetton  endlufan  . .  3  cwcedun.  di- 

centes  taken  as  nom. 

J.  19,  32.  Uenerunt  ergo  milites  :  et  primi  quidern  (rov 
fjuev  TTpcorov)  fregerunt  crura  et  alterius  qui  crucifixus  est  cum  eo 
Da  comon  ];a  cempan  -j  brsecon  cerest  $aes  sceancan  J?e  mid  him 
ahangen  wses.  primi  seems  to  be  taken  as  nom.  pi.  with 

milites  (cp.  the  rendering  of  primus,  L.  2,  2  and  J.  8,  7). 
et  alterius  is  then  forced  into  the  meaning  of  eius. 

One  tense  taken  as  another  : 

L.  13,  35.  qui  uenit  (6  e/9%o/Ltez>o?)  se  J>e  com.  Similarly, 
J.  3,  31  ;  12,  13. 

J.  2,  17.         comedit  me  me  et. 

Present  meaning  of  perfect  form  not  observed  : 

J.  5,  42.         cognoui  uos  ("  I  know  you  ")  ic  gecneow  eow. 

L.  6,  27.         qui  uos  oderunt  J?e  eow  hatedon. 

Future  or  present  taken  as  irn  perative  : 

M.  10,  23.         non  consummabitis  ne  befarcfy  ge. 

J.  6,  26.         quaeritis  me  non  quia  etc.  ne  sece  ge  me 

forSam  &c. 


42  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

J.  19,  36.  Os  non  comminuetis  ex  eo  ne  forbrcece  ge 

nan  ban  on  him. 

M.  7,  5.  eice  primum  trabern  de  oculo  tuo  et  tune  uidebis 
eicere  etc.  . .  3  behawa  ]?onne  •)?  Jni  ut  ado  &c. 

Adjective  taken  as  noun  : 

M.  8,  30.          grex   porcorum    multorum  swyna   heord 

manegra  manna  Seems  to  be  understood  as  "belonging  to 

many  men." 

Declarative  taken  as  interrogative  : 

M.  26,  2.  Scitis  quia  ("ye  know  that")  etc.           wite  ge  ty  &c. 

Mk.  10,  19.  Praecepta  nosti            Canst  ]>u  $a  bebodu. 

L.  12,  56.  nostis  ("ye  know  not")  probare  cunne 
ge  afandian. 

L.  18,  20.  mandata  nosti             canst  ]>u  j?a  bebodu. 

Interrogative  taken  as  declarative  : 

Mk.  8,  17.  nondum  cognoscitis  . .  ?            gyt  ge  ne  oncnawaft. 

Mk.  14,  48.  existis  . .?             geferdon. 

L.  22,  48.  Filium  hominis  tradis  ?  mannes  sunu 
\u  .  .  sylst. 

Interrogative  taken  as  relative  : 

M.  5,  13.  in  quo  salietur?  on  \am  \e  hit  (gesylt  bi% 

supplied  by  A)  The  translator's  failure  to  render  salietur  is 

probably  due  to  his  inability  to  find  a  meaning  in  relative  quo 
and  a  subject  for  salietur. 

Mk.  9,  50.  Bouum  est  sal:  quod  si  sal  insulsum  fuerit,  in 
quo  illud  condietis  ?  God  is  sealt.  gif  •}?  sealt  unsealt  bij?  on 

\am  \e  ge  hit  syltaft.  What  is  the  translator's  notion  of  the 

meaning  ? 

L.  14,  34.  Bonum  est  sal.  Si  autem  sal  euanuerit,  in  quo 
condietur  ?  God  is  sealt  gif  hit  awyrS  on  j?am  \e  hit  gesylt 

br$.  The  meaning  is  very  vague. 

L.  9,  41 .  usquequo  ero  apud  uos  et  patiar  uos  ?  Swa 

lange  swa  ic  beo  mid  eow  y  eow  J?olie.  The  rendering  cannot 

be  construed. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  43 

J.  16,  31.         Modo  creditis?  Nu  ge  gelyfaS. 

Relative  taken  as  interrogative  : 

Mk.  14,  14.  Ubi  est  refectio  rnea  ubi  .  .  manducem  ? 
hwar  is  min  gysthus  .  .  hwar  ete  ic. 

Parenthetical  sense  not  observed  : 

J.  4,  8.  Dicit  ei  Jesus  :  Da  mini  bibere.  (Discipuli  enim 
eius  abierant.)  . .  His  leorningcnihtas  ferdon  j;a.  The 

force  of  enim  is  also  missed,  as  often. 

J.  19,  4.  5.  Exiit  . .  Pilatus  .  .  (exiit  ergo  Jesus  portans 
spiueam  coronam  et  purpureum  uestimentum) :  et  dicit  eis :  Ecce 
homo  . .  )?a  code  se  hselend  ut  y  bser  Jjyrnenne  cynehelm  3 

purpuren  reaf  3  ssede  him.  her  is  mann.  The  ecce  homo  is 

put  into  the  mouth  of  Jesus  himself. 

Antecedent  mistaken : 

M.  11,  19.  Ecce  .  .  publicanorum  et  peccatorum  amicus. 
Et  iustificata  est  sapientia  a  filiis  suis  (sc.  sapientia)  . .  fram 

heora  bearnum. 

M.  13,  21.  qui  uerbum  audit  . .  Non  habet  autem  in  se 
radicem  . .  hyt  nsefS.  The  meaning  is,  "  he  hath  not." 

M.  23,  16.  nihil  est  ("it  is  nothing")  he  ys  naht. 

(v.  18,  however,  j?  is  naht.) 

M.  27,  24.  uidens  .  .  Pilatus  quia  nihil  proficeret  ("  he 
prevailed  nothing")  -j?  hyt  naht  ne  fremode. 

L.  6,  19.  uirtus  de  illo  exiebat  et  sanabat  omnes  mse- 

gen  of  him  code  3  he  ealle  gehaelde. 

L.  10,  31.         uiso  illo  ("  him  ")  J?a  he  j?  geseah. 

L.  16,  16.  Lex  et  prophetae  usque  ad  Johannem  :  ex  eo 
(OLTTO  rore)  regnum  dei  euangelizatur  . .  oiS  lohannem  3  of 

him  is  bodud. 

J.  8,  44.  (diabolus)  . .  cum  loquitur  mendacium,  ex  propriis 
loquitur, . .  et  pater  eius  (sc.  mendacii)  . .  he  is  leas  "j  his  feeder 

eac.  For  a  similar  interpretation  of  the  Latin,  assigning 

a  father  to  the  devil,  cp.  Wordsworth  and  White's  note  to  this 
passage. 


44  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

J.  11,  10.  Si  . .  ambulauerit  in  nocte,  offendit,  quia  lux  non 
est  in  eo  (sc.  "in  him ")  . .  forj?am  J?e  leoht  nis  on  hyre 

(sc.  niht). 

J.  19,  42.  Ibi  ergo  propter  parasceuen  ludeorum,  quia  iuxta 
erat  monumentum  ("  for  the  tomb  was  nigh  at  hand  ")  posnerunt 
lesum  Soj^lice  }>ar  hig  ledon  ];one  hselend  for|?am  faera  iudea 

gearcung  wses  wr$  ]>a  byrgenne.  The  translator  takes  the 

implied  subject  of  erat  to  be  parasceue,  and  construes  monumentum 
as  object  of  iuxta. 

Force  of  participle  mistaken  : 

Mk.  10,  32.  et  stupebant  et  sequentes  ("they  that  followed") 
adredon  him  hine  3  himfyligdon. 

L.  22,  32.  tu  aliquando  conuersus  (TTOTC  eTrio-rpetyas :  "  when 
once  thou  hast  turned  again  ")  confirma  fratres  tuos  )>u  set 

sumum  cyrre  gewend  y  tryme  ]>ine  gebroftru. 

J.  10,  40.  ubi  erat  Johannes  baptizans  primum  ("  where  J. 
was  at  the  first  baptizing  ")  J?e  iohannes  waes  3  serest  onr 

fullode.  The  participle  is  taken  in  a  continuative  sense. , 

Mistakes  in  phrasing: 

The  mistakes  under  this  heading  consist  in  taking  together  into 
a  phrase  words  which  do  not  belong  together.  It  is  natural  that 
there  should  be  many  such  in  translating  from  a  manuscript  with 
little  or  imperfect  punctuation. 

M.  4,  7.  Ait  illi  . . :  Rursum  scriptum  est  cwse$  . . 

eft  to  him ;  Hit  ys  awriten. 

M.  11,  9.  Etiam  dico  uobis,  et  plus  quam  prophetam  ic 

eow  secge  eac  maran  J?onne  witegan.  eac  is  due  to  etiam 

rather  than  to  et. 

M.  11,  11.  qui  . .  minor  est  in  regno  caelorum,  maior  est 
illo  se  ]>e  Isessa  ys,  ys  on  heofena  rice  him  mara.  The 

sense  is  lost. 

M.  13,  52.  omnis  scriba  doctus  in  regno  caelorum  (?ra9 
<ypafJifjLaT6v<;  /jLaOrjrevQels  rrj  ftao-iXeia  rwv  ovpav&v :  "  who  hath 
been  made  a  disciple  in  the  kingdom  of  heaven")  aelc  gelcered 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  45 

bocere  on  heofenan  rice.  The  predicative  force  of  doctus  is 

missed,  and  the  sense  lost. 

M.  14,  9.  Et  contristatus  est  rex  :  proptcr  iuramentum 
autera  (om.  DEL)  et  eos  qui  pariter  recumbebant,  iussit  dari  etc. 
Da  wses  se  cyning  geunret  for  )?am  a$e  3  for  |?am  ]>e  him  sseton 
mid.  Construed  thus,  iussit  dari  cannot  be  rendered  and 

is  therefore  passed  by. 

M.  14, 13.  et  cum  audissent  turbae,  secutae  sunt  eum  pedestres 
("on  foot")  ]?a  \a  gangendan  mcenigeo  ty  gehyrdon,  hig 

fyligdon  him. 

M.  21,  8.         caedebant  ramos  de  arboribus  heowun  J>cera 

treowa  bogas.  de  seems  to  be  taken  with  ramos  instead  of 

caedebant  (cp.  ex  ludeis  in  J.  12,  11,  quoted  below). 

Mk.  2,  15.  16.  erant  enim  multi  qui  sequebantur  etim^ 
Et  scribae  et  Pharisaei,  dicentes  (see  p.  25)  quia  manducaret  cum 
publicanis  et  peccatoribus,  dicebant  discipulis  eius :  Quare  etc. 
SoJ>lice  manega  \a  %e  him  fyligdon  wceron  boceras  y  farisei,  3 
cwsedon,  witodlice  he  ytt  mid  manfullum  3  synfullum,  -j  hi  cwsedon 
to  his  leorningcnihtum,  hwi  <fec. 

Mk.  2,  20.  21.  tune  ieiunabant  in  illis  diebus.  Nemo 
assu  men  turn  . .  assuit  etc.  ]xmue  hi  fsestaft.  On  ]>am  dagum 

nan  man  ne  siwaft  &c. 

Mk.  6,  26.  Et  contristatus  est  rex :  propter  iusiurandum 
et  propter  simul  recumbentes  noluit  earn  contristare  J>a 

wearS  se  cinincg  geunret  for  pam  afte  ^  for  }>am  ^e  him  mid  sseton  ; 
Nolde  ]>eah  hi  geunretan. 

Mk.  5,  38.  uidet  tumultum  . .  et  eiulantes  multum  ("  wailing 
greatly  ")  geseah  my  eel  gehlyd  . .  y  geomriende. 

Mk.  7,  29.         ait  illi :  propter  hunc  sermonem,  uade  saede 

he  hyre  for  fycere  sprcece  ;  Ga. 

Mk.  13,  9.  10.  in  testimonium  illis.  Et  in  omnes  gentes 
primum  opportet  etc.  him  on  gewitnesse  3  on  ealle  \eoda: 

JErest  gebyraiS  &c. 

Mk.  13,  14.  cum  autem  uideritis  abominationem  .  .  (qui 
legit,  intelligat) :  tune  qui  in  Judaea  sunt,  fugiant  in  montes. 
Donne  ge  geseoft  . .  asceonunge  . .  ]>onne  ongyte  se  ]?e  rset.  fleon 
]?onne  on  muntas  ]?a  ^e  synt  on  iudea. 


46  Studies  in  the  AnglorSaxon  Gospels 

Mk.  13,  23.  Uos  ergo  uidete :  ecce  praedixi  uobis  omnia 
Warniaft  eow  nu  ealle  Jnng  \t  ic  eow  foressede.  The  force  of 

ecce  is  lost,  and  a  relative  forced  in. 

Mk.  14,  4.  indigne  ferentes  intra  semetipsos,  et  dicentes 
unwurSlice  forba3ron  3  betwux  him  sylfum  cwsedon. 

Mk.  14,  17.  18.  Vespere  autern  facto,  uenit  cum  daodecim. 
Et  discumbentibus  cum  (see  p.  26)  eis  et  manducantibus,  ait  lesus 
So]>lice  J>a  a3fen  com  him  twelfum  mid  him  sittendum  y  etendum  s^de 
se  haBlend.  An  instance  of  extreme  slovenliness,  com  seems  to 
render  both  facto  and  uenit.  Duodecim  is  then  run  in  with  dis- 
cumbentibus,  and  the  1st  cum  and  et  neglected,  him,  which  must 
be  taken  as  sg.,  seems  to  correspond  to  eis. 

Mk.  15,  8.         cum  ascendisset  turba,  coepit  rogare  3  ]?a 

he  (sc.  Pilatus)  ferde,  ]?a  ongan  seo  menegeo. 

L.  1,  35.  (sanctum  is  construed  with  nascetur  in  (&,  Anglo- 
Saxon,  and  King  James  version,  but  with  uocabitur  in  Revised 
version.) 

L.  1,  73.  lusiurandum,  quod  iurauit  .  .  daturum  se  nobis 
("  the  oath  to  grant  unto  us  ")  Hyne  us  to  syllene  }>one  aft. 

L.  1,  78.  uisitauit  nos  oriens  ex  alto  ("the  dayspring 
from  on  high  hath  visited  us  ")  he  us  geneosode  of  eastdsele 

upspringende.     Cp.  p.  37. 

L.  2,  12.         hoc  uobis  signum  ("this  is  the  sign")  ]>is 

tacen  eow  byft. 

L.  4,  18.  Spiritus  Domini  super  me  propter  quod  unxit 
me  euangelizare  pauperibus  misit  me  praedicare  captiuis  remissio- 
nem  etc.  drihtnes  gast  is  ofer  me.  forj>am  $e  he  smyrede  me. 

he  sende  me  J>earfum  bodian.  y  gehseftum  alysednesse  &c.  he 

sende  seems  to  begin  a  new  sentence,  and  Wordsworth  and  White's 
text  is  pointed  according  to  such  a  construction,  (ft  construes 
unxit  me  and  euangelizare  pauperibus  misit  me  as  coordinate  after 
propter  quod.  The  Revised  version  has :  "  The  Spirit  of  the 
Lord  is  upon  me  because  (or  wherefore)  he  annointed  me  to 
preach  good  tidings  to  the  poor :  he  hath  sent  me  to  proclaim  &c." 
In  any  case,  for]>am  \e  is  a  wrong  rendering  of  propter  quod,  and 
bodian,  made  to  do  service  for  both  euangelizare  and  praedicare, 
gives  a  very  awkward  CLTTO  KOIVOV  construction. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  47 

L.  8,  42.          dum  iret  a  turbis  comprimebatur  }>a  he 

ferde  of  ]>am  menegum  he  waes  ofj>rungen. 

L.  9,  5.  puluerem  . .  excutite  in  testimonium  supra  illos 
(eV  avrovs  :  "  against  them  ")  asceacaS  . .  dust  ofer  hig  on 

witnesse. 

L.  11,  24.  ambulat  . .  quaerens  requiem  :  et  rion  iueniens, 
dicit  gse"5  . .  reste  secende  3  nane  ne  gemet  ]>onne  cwyft  he. 

L.  12,  50.  51.  quomodo  coartor  usquedum  perficiatur? 
Putatis  quia  pacem  ueni  dare  in  terrain  ?  Non,  dico  uobis,  sed  sepa- 
rationem  wene  ge  hu  beo  ic  ge)?read  oft  hyt  sy  gefylled  for)>am 

J?e  ic  com  sybbe  on  eorfan  sendan.  ne  secge  ic  eow  ac  todal. 
Putatis  seems  to  be  construed  with  quomodo  etc.,  being  rendered 
by  wene  ge.  The  sense  of  the  translation  is  thus  contrary  to  that 
of  the  original — not,  "do  you  think  that  I  have  come,"  but, 
"  because  I  have  come."  ne  secge  ic  eow  &c  is  a  word  for  word 
rendering  that  must  have  been  meaningless  to  the  translator. 

L.  12,  58.  cum  uadis  cum  aduersario  tuo  . .,  in  uia  da 
operam  Donne  j?u  gcest  on  wege  &c. 

L.  14,  33.  Sic  ergo  omnis  . .  qui  non  renuntiat  . .  non  potest 
meus  esse  discipulus  Witodlice  swa  is  selc  of  eow  . .  ne 

mseg  he  berm  &c.  omnis  is  construed  as  predicate. 

L.  17,  7.         dicat  illi :  Statim  transi  him  sona  secgft  ga. 

L.  20,  37.  sicut  dicit  dominum,  deum  Abraham,  et  deum 
Isaac,  et  deum  Jacob.  Deus  autem  non  est  mortuorum  swa  he 
cwceft  ;  Drihten  abrahames  god  . .  nys  god  deadra.  "  Calleth 

the  Lord  &c."  The  translator  makes  cwceft  cover  the  whole 
sentence. 

L.  21,  34.  superueniat  in  uos  repentina  dies  ilia  (at^tSto? 
f)  Tjiiepa  e/ceivw).  Tamquam  laquens  enim  superueniet  in  omnes 
qui  etc.  on  eow  se  fcerlice  dceg  becume  swa  swa  grin ;  He 

becymj?  on   ealle  ]?a   $e   &c.  The  predicative  repentina  is 

taken  as  attributive,  and  tamquam  laquens  construed  with  what 
precedes  instead  of  with  what  follows.  Enim  is  neglected. 

L.  22,  25.  Reges  gentium  dominantur  eorum  ("  Kings  of 
the  Gentiles  have  lordship  over  them  ")  cyningas  wealdaft 

hyra  ]>eoda.  gentium  is  taken  directly  with  eorum. 

J.  3,  2.        Rabbi,  scimus  quia  a  deo  uenisti  magister  rabbi, 

f  is  lareow,  we  witon  ^  Jm  come  fram  gode. 
4 


48  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

J.  4,  24.  Spiritus  est  deus  ("  God  is  a  spirit ")  gast 

is  god. 

J.  4,  54.  Hoc  iterum  secundum  signum  fecit  lesus  ("  This 
is  again  the  second  sign  that  Jesus  did  ")  se  hselend  worhte 

J>is  tacen  eft  o]>re  stye.  The  translator  failed  to  see  the  predi- 

cative force  of  secundum  signum. 

J.  6,  13.  impleuerunt  duodecim  cophinos  fragmentorum  ex 
quinque  panibus  hordeaciis  qui  superfuerunt  his  qui  manduca- 
uerant  fyldon  twelf  wyligeon  fulle  ]?sera  brystena  of  |?am  ]>e 

j?a  Isefdon  ]>e  of  ]>amfif  berenan  hlafon  ceton.  ex  quinque  etc. 

is  taken  with  manducauerant  instead  of  with  fragmentorum. 

J.  12, 11.  multi  . .  abibant  ex  ludaeis  (TO>V  IovSaia>v)  ma- 

nega  for  on  fram  ]>am  iudeon. 

J.  19,  38.  rogauit  Pilatum  Joseph  ab  Arimathia,  (eo  quod 
esset  discipulus  lesu,  occultus  autem  propter  metum  Indaeorum) 
ut  tolleret  corpus  lesu.  iosep  fram  ariinathea  baed  pilatus  ^ 

he  moste  niraan  )?8es  hselendes  lichaman.  forj>am  J>e  he  wses  J>aes 
hselendes  leorningcniht.  }ns  he  dyde  dearnunga  for  J>sere  iudea 
ege.  occultus  is  construed  with  rogauit. 

Mistakes  in  the  meaning  of  words : 

M.  20,  13.  nonne  ex  denario  conuenisti  mecum  Hu 

ne  come  J?u  to  me  to  wyrceanne  wr$  anum  peninge.  conuenio, 

"  agree "  is  taken  as  (cori)uenio,  "  come,"  and  to  wryceanne  added 
for  explicitness. 

M.  21,  5.  sedens  super  asinam,  et  pullum  filum  subiugalem 
(see  p.  24)  . .  uppan  tamre  assene  y  hyre  folan.  subiugalis 

(vTTogvyiov)  is  a  noun  meaning  "  beast  of  burden." 

M.  23,  16.  ut  faciatis  unum  proselytum  gedon  anne 

etyeodine  Cp.  proselitum :  aduenam,  Wright- Wiilcker, 

Glosses,  482,  2. 

M.  27,  19.         per  uisum  (ovap)  J?urh  gesyhfte. 

Mk.  2,  21.  aufert  supplementum  nouum  a  ueteri  he 

afyrS  J>one  niwan  scyp  of  ]?am  ealdan  reafe.  The  subject, 

supplementum  ("  that  which  should  fill  it  up  "),  is  taken  to  mean 
the  same  as  assumentum  in  the  same  verse,  and  is  construed  as 
object.  The  result  is  nonsense. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  49 


Mk.  4,  33.  loquebatur  eis  .  .  prout  (KaOoxi  :  "as  ")  poteraut 
audire  .  .  fycet  hi  mihton  gehyran. 

Mk.  5,  22.  uenit  quidam  de  archisynagogis  ("  rulers  of  the 
synagogue  ")  .  .  sum  of  heahgesamnungum.  In  v.  35, 

ab  archisynagogo  is  rendered  /ram  ]>am  heahgesamnungum,  with 
reference  to  v.  22;  in  36,  ait  synagogo  will  not  yield  to  the 
mistaken  sense,  and  the  word  is  omitted  ;  in  38,  in  domum  archi- 
synagogi  at  length  forces  the  meaning  upon  the  translator,  and 
it  is  correctly  rendered  heahealdres.  The  passages  show  that  no 
pains  were  taken  to  revise  the  translation  even  when  errors  were 
perceived. 

Mk.  6,  20.  oustodiebat  eum  ("  kept  him  safe  ")  heold 

hine  on  cwerterne. 

Mk.  10,  14.  (lesus)  indigne  tulit  unwurftlice  he  hit 

forbead. 

L.  1,  41.  exultauit  (ecnclpTtio-e)  infans  in  utero  gtfag- 

nude  f  cild  on  .  .  innofte.  exultauit  seems  to  be  literal  : 

"  leapt." 

L.  9,  24.  animam  ("life")  ..  saluam  facere  ..  perdiderit 
animam  .  .  sawle  .  .  sawle.  Especially  unhappy  in  the 

second  instance  :  "  Whosoever  shall  lose  his  soul  shall  save  it." 

L.  13,  1.  quidam  ..  nuntiantes  illi  de  ("  told  him  of") 
Galilaeis  sume  .  .  of  galileum  him  cyj>ende. 

L.  13,  9.  siquidem  (tcav  pev)  fecerit  fructum  witodlice 

he  wsestmas  bring'S. 

L.  15,  17.  in  se  ..  reuersus  ("when  became  to  himself") 
dixit  ]>a  be]>ohte  he  hine  y  cwaeft.  Translator  has  in 

mind,  "  retired  into  himself." 

L.  21,  13.  Continget  (aTro/S^o-erat  :  "it  shall  turn  unto 
you  ")  uobis  in  testimonium  J?is  eow  gebyraft  on  gewitnesse. 

L.  23,  26.  de  uilla  (air  aypov  :  "  from  the  country  ") 
of  J?an  tune. 

J.  8,  37.  sermo  meus  non  capit  (x,(opel  :  "  hath  not  free 
course  ")  in  uobis.  .  .  ne  wuna]>  on  eow. 

J.  12,  5.  Quare  hoc  unguentum  non  ueniit  ("  was  not  sold  ") 
Hwi  ne  sealde  heo  ]?as  sealfe.  ueniit  seems  to  be  understood 

as  an  active  verb. 


50  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

J.  12,  6.        loculos  habens,  ea  quae  mittebantur  (ra 
"  what  were  put  therein  ")  portabat  baer  )>a  fting  ]>e  man  sende. 

Passive  taken  as  deponent : 

M.  11,   5.          pauperes   euangelizantur  J;earfan  bodiaft. 

Similarly,  L.  7,  22. 

Mistakes  attributable  to  Graecisms  in  the  Latin  text : 

M.  28,  1.  Uespere  autem  sabbati,  quae  lucescit  in  prima 
sabbati  (ei?  piav  o-aftftdrcov)  Softlice  ]>am  restedaeges  aefene 

se  ]?e  onlihte  on  ]>am  forman  restedsege.  The  translation  is 

meaningless. 

Mk.  6,  20.  audito  eo,  multa  faciebat  (TTO\\&  eVotet :  "  was 
much  perplexed")  he  gehyrde  \<xi  he  fela  wundra  worhte. 

The  translation  is  very  forced. 

Mk.  7,  4.  a  foro  nisi  baptizentur  (air  hyopas  :  "  when  they 
come  from  the  market  place")  non  comedunt  on  strcete  hi 

ne  etaiS  buton  hi  gej?wegene  beon. 

Mk.  9,  29.  Hoc  genus  in  uullo  (eV  ovbevl :  "  by  nothing  ") 
potest  exire  . .  of  nanum  men  &c. 

Mk.  14,  8.  Quod  habuit  (eZ%6z>  :  "  could  ")  haec,  fecit 
J;eos  sealde  ty  heo  hsefde. 

Mk.  15,  8.  rogare  sicut  semper  faciebat  illis  (alreladai 
Aca^o>9  ael  cTroiei  avrols  :  "  ask  him  to  do  ")  hine  biddan 

swa  heo  symle  dyde.  .  The  illis  which  shows  that  Pilate  is 
the  subject  of  faeiebat  is  neglected. 

L.  6,  1.  in  sabbato  secundo  primo  (SevrepoTTpwrq)  :  "  second 
after  the  first")  cum  transiret  on  ]>am  cefteran  restedsage. 

ceryst  ]>SL  he  ferde.  secundo  is  taken  as  "the  following," 

and  primo  construed  with  cum  transiret,  as  it  is  in  (ft. 

L.  16,  16.  omiiis  in  illud  uim  facit  (ftid&rcu :  "  entereth 
violently  into")  ealle  on  ty  strangnysse  wyrcaft. 

L.  20,  37.  Moyses  ostendit  secus  rubum  (eVl  rr}?  fidrov  : 
"  in  the  place  concerning  the  bush ")  sicut  dicit  Dominum  Deum 
Abraham  (0)9  \eyei,  Kvptov  rbv  Oebv  'Afipaa/j, :  "  when  he  calls 
the  Lord  the  God  of  Abraham")  moyses  aetywde  wi$  anne 

beigbeam  swa  he  cwseiS ;  Drihten  abrahames  god.  The  trans- 

lator hardly  saw  a  meaning. 


Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels  51 

J.  7,  40.  ex  ilia  . .  turba  cum  audissent  . .  dicebant  (etc  rov 
.  .  afcovcravTes  . .  e\eyov  :  "  some  of  the  multitude,  when  they 
heard  . .  said  ")  Of  -Saare  tide  seo  menigeo  cwseS. 

J.  20,  19.  Cum  esset  ergo  sero  die  illo,  una  sabbatorum 
(ri/juepa  efceivrj  rfj  pia  o-affpaTcov :  "  on  that  day,  the  first  day  of 
the  week  ")  Da  hit  wses  seuen  on  anon  ]>cera  restedaga. 

Unclassified  mistakes: 

Mk.  3,  23.  24.  quomodo  potest  Satanas  Satanam  eicere  ? 
Et  si  regnum  in  se  diuidatur,  non  potest  stare  regnum  illud 
. .  3  gif  his  (sc.  satanes)  rice  &c. 

Mk.  3,  20.  et  conuenit  .  .  turba,  ita  ut  non  possent  neque 
panem  manducare  ("  so  much  as  eat  bread  ")  him  to  com 

swa  micel  menigu  $  hi  ncefdon  hlaf  to  etanne.  ita  seems  to 

be  construed  with  turba. 

Mk.  7,  2  ff.  uitupauerunt.  Pharisei  enim  . .  non  mandu- 
cant  hi  tseldon  hi  y  cwcedon  Pharisei  . .  ne  eta$.  The 

translator  puts  into  the  mouth  of  the  Pharisees  what  is  really  an 
explanation  of  the  writer. 

Mk.  7,  17.  interrogabant  . .  parabolam  an  bigspell 

ahsodon.  The  reference  is  to  the  parable  just  given. 

Mk.  7,  24.  ingressus  domum  ("  entered  into  a  house ") 
inagan  on  j?  hus. 

Mk.  8,  1.  cum  turba  multa  esset  ("when  there  was") 
him  wses  mid  micel  menigu. 

Mk.  12,  40.  deuorant  domos  uiduarum  sub  obtentu  prolixae 
orationis  . .  forswelga$  mid  heora  langsuman  gebede. 

L.  1,  9.  10.  Secundum  consuetudinem  sacerdotii,  sorte  exiit 
ut  incensum  poneret,  ingressus  in  templum  Domini :  Et  omnis 
multitude  etc. :  "According  to  the  custom  of  the  priest's  office,  it 
fell  to  his  lot  to  (ut  of  result)  go  into  the  temple  of  the  Lord  and 
place  the  incense.  And  the  whole  multitude  &c. : "  Karci  TO  e0o$ 
TT}<?  iepaTias  eXa^e  rov  Ov/jLtacrat  (ut  incensum  poneret)  ela-6\6a)v  et9 
TOV  vabv  rov  Kuptof,  /ecu  irav  TO  77X7)^09  K.T.\.  sefter  gewunan 

ftaes  sacerdhades  hlotes  he  code  }?aet  he  hys  oifrunga  sette.  Da  he 
on  godes  tempel  code  eall  werod  &c. :  "According  the  custom  of 
the  lot  of  the  priest's  office,  he  went  (exiit)  to  (ut  of  purpose)  place 


52  Studies  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Gospels 

his  offerings.     (Now)  when  he  went  into  God's  temple,  the  whole 
multitude  &c."  The  translator  failed  to  perceive  the  meaning 

of  sorte  exiit,  "  it  fell  to  his  lot,"  and  was  thus  led  to  misconstrue 
the  whole  passage. 

L.  2,  35.         gladius  ("  a  sword  ")  his  (sc.  J>«8  heelendes) 

swurd. 

L.  4,  40.         qui  habebant  infirmos  . .,  ducebant  illos  ad  eum 
ealle  J>e  untrume  wceron  . .  hig  Iseddon  him  to.  hig  must  be 

taken  as  the  indefinite  subject  of  Iceddon. 

L.  5,  11.         subductis  ..  nauibus  relictis  omnibus  ("  they  left 
all  ")  secuti  sunt  eum  hig  tugon  hyra  scipo  . .  3  forleton  hig 

y  folgodon  ]?am  hselende.  The  translator  understands  omnibus 

to  refer  to  the  ships. 

L.  5,  27.         publicanum  nomine  Leui  publicanum  he 

wees  o]>rum  naman  leui.  publicanus  is  taken  as  a  cognomen 

of  Levi. 

L.  20,  38.         omnes  enim  uiuunt  ei  ("all  men  live  unto  him") 
ealle  hig  &c. 

J.  1,  18.         ipse  enarrauit  (sc.  deum)  hit  cyiSde. 

J.  7,  4.         Nemo  . .  in  occulto  quid  facit,  et  quaerit  ipse  in 
palam  esse  ("  and  himself  seeketh  to  be  known  openly  ") 
ac  seciS  -p  hit  open  sy. 

J.  13,  29.         putabant  .  .  quod  dixisset  ei  lesus :  erne  ea  etc. 
wendon  .  .  j?    se   haelend   hit   cwsede   be   him.  A  strange 

ignoring  of  the  context. 


LIFE 


The  writer  of  this  dissertation  was  born  at  Lexington,  Virginia, 
July  11,  1868;  graduated,  Bachelor  of  Arts,  from  Washington 
and  Lee  University,  1888;  was  a  graduate  student  at  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  1890-93,  in  the  departments  of  English, 
German,  and  History;  was  Instructor  and  Assistant  Professor 
of  English  in  Indiana  University,  1893-98;  and  since  1898 
has  been  Professor  of  English  in  the  College  of  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 


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